Chimaobi Okorie’s research while affiliated with University of Calabar and other places

T h e R u s s i a n - U k r a i n c r i s i s : a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f l i c t w h i c h b e g a n o n F e b r u a r y 2 4 , 20 2 2 , t r i g g e r e d E u r o p e ' s l a r g e s t r e f u g e e c r i s e s s i n c e W o r l d W a r I I , w i t h m o r e t h a n 4 .5 m i l l i o n U k r a i n e l e a v i n g t h e c o u n t r y . T h e w a r d i d n o t s u r v i v e t h e c o n d e m n a t i o n o f forem o s t i n t e r n a ti o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s s u c h a s th e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , E u r o p e a n U n io n , e t c . and major states like United States, German, Albania, France etc. Many severe sanctionsmeted against Russian so asto deterits military onslaught and discourage such aggression,yet the Russian Leader- Putin boycotted and denounced all efforts, while furthering hisforeign policy ambition of recognizing the two breakaway regions in Ukraine, invadedUkraine andunleashedseveremilitary fire against Ukraine.Itisuponthisreason,this paperextrapolates another dimension of sanctions meted againstRussia -the German halting theprogress andconclusionof NordstreamIIGas project by freezing it's certificationina bidtodeter Russian aggression against Ukraine. Did the German's action of freezing theNordstream 2 certificationsthat made the Gas pipeline impossible to operate, deter Russiafrom going to war with Ukraine? Did the many sactions from United Nations, EuropeanUnion, and other states deter Russia from continuing its invasion of Ukraine? How didRussia respond to allsuch sanctions? To answer these pertinent questions above ,the paperadopted the methodological orientation of content analysis as data was obtained solelyfromsecondary sources:textbooks,journalpublications,internetmaterials,magazines, etc.The realist and idealism theory were explored to buttress the work. The work discoveredthat, the Russian-Ukraine crisis was a litmus test to World foremost body- United NationsSecurity Council to curb the excesses of Russian aggression through sanction , while allsanctions against Russia was not enough to deter its aggressive military onslaught against Ukraine..Hence the need to reinvigorate and strengthen the deterrence method of sanctions capable of liquidating the muscle and power of any such aggressive state. Keywords: Conflict, International conflict, Russia-Ukraine, Sanctions, Nordstream 2, Realism and idealism.

ABSTRACT The globalized world, a capitalist formation with it's concomitant free flow of goods, services, persons, for the advancement of free trade, technological transfer etc. across national borders for legitimate reasons, also paves the way for the flow of illicit cum transnational organized criminal ventures such as: human trafficking, small arms and light weapons proliferation, terrorism, piracy, drug trafficking, etc.This have become a terrible devastating threats to global security. The upsurge in internet cum cyber crime is a fallout of indices of globalization. The Nigerian dimension of such acts of internet fraud goes with human sacrifice and rituals tagged "Yahoo Yahoo", where young gals and women are killed mercilessly by young boys who rapaciously and insatiably pursue wealth by such unholy means .It is upon this reason, the paper delve into this side of cyber crime-yahoo yahoo. The study is based on content analysis, as data was gathered solely from secondary sources (textbooks, journal publications, internet materials, magazines etc). The paper explored the rational choice theory. the paper discovered that, economic incentives and quest for luxury and survival push young men into transnational crime, like Yahoo Yahoo. The study recommends, strict penalty and sanctions on culprit, sophisticated cyber security architecture which demands training of personnels in such area, adequate monitoring. Key words: Globalization, Transnational Organized Crime, Cybercrime, Yahoo Yahoo and ritual killings

The study seeks to take an interrogative exploration to the post-colonial developmental strides in the Nigerian polity. The political developmental voyage of the country has been a tumultuous experience beginning from slavery to colonialism till the current date. The challenges which confront the Nigerian polity in terms of development, seems insurmountable evidently in the high rate of illiteracy, poverty, insecurity, over dependence on foreign aid and virtually everything which further deepens the pernicious neo-colonial syndrome, over dependence on oil, corruption, food insecurity, heavy debt burden and balance of payment problem, etc. All these unpalatable developmental quagmire are evident in the post-colonial era, where the destinies of the Nigerian people have been taken from the colonial masters and handed over to them. One can imagine that a nation 6th in the world for oil producing, a reservoir of human labour, though underutilize and the many developmental policies embarked on by successive government developmental policies embarked on by successive government for the purpose of self-reliance are to put the nation In the path of growth and prosperity, yet the country is still grappllng with the problem of attaining an appreciable level of development and self-reliance. The study adopted the content analysis method of approach as data was gotten from secondary source-text books, journal pubilcations, magazines, etc. The dependency and self-reliance theory was explored. The study recommend among other things: investment in education that prioritizes vocational, technical and entrepreneurial skill, tackilng corruption, strict monitoring of programme, encouragement of local industries with fund, man power training etc.

The end of the cold war bipolar military stand-off between the super powers (United States and Soviet Union) in 1989, brought to international limelight a new and broad ideology on security Thinking. Thus the idea of viewing security in only military terms of territorial integrity, internal insurrection, piling up of weaponry, arm race ,civil war and Conflict of different kinds, was rejigged to accommodate other soft and non-military issues like: health, environment, migration, poverty, identity and cultural crisis, etc. the Global health pandemic (Covid 19) , destabilized the political, economic and social, fabrics of Nations, with severe Human Security challenges in the form of high death toll similar to war, loss to jobs, severe human and civil rights denial and abuses due to several unbearable measures taken by nation states to curb it spread, unemployment, hunger, civil unrest, etc. It is upon this reason. The study invoked and engage the securitization theory to understand the Corona Virus pandemic as a soft security issue. The study utilized the content analysis methodology as data were gotten from secondary sources (textbooks, journal publications internet materials etc). The securitization theory was explored to buttress the work. The study discovered that, countries still downplayed human security and non-military threats like health, poverty, human rights, etc Hence a reorientation of security ideology.hence reforming the security of states to be more robust to prioritize human security, international organizations and nongovernmental organizations should make it a policy thrust to invest in disease surveillance and early warning system.

Irredentism,remains an existing feature in global politics. The idea that some states mostly Big powers like Russia, Germany, Italy have in the past experienced breakaway of parts of its country is not to be disputed. The consequences of experiencing a successful secession or self determination means a part of a country with same kinship, belief, spiritual inclination, cultural and linguistic affinities is carved out from a mother Nation to establish somewhat different sovereign entity.Such is a serious territorial and geostrategic issue to the mother country from which a part left. The Russian recent moves of intervention and invasion of former soviet states whom are now sovereign,as seen in central element of "Putinism"-Russia's current foreign policy to regain former lost territories it's a classical example of irredentism-regaining lost territories.Russian foreign policy of irredentism hinge on among other things:dictate the tune of their foreign and defence policies.This manifested in Georgia in 2008, in Chechnya in 1994, Crimea annexation in 2014 and the current invasion of Ukraine on 22nd February 2022. Reasons abounds for such invasion spanning from, ensuring the safety and right of Russian speaking minorities, the responsibility to protect, deterring the infiltration of North Atlantic Organization into former soviet satellite European countries, etc. The study proceeds to examine the Russian-Georgia war of 2008 and the annexation of Crimea in 2014 within the context of Russia's territorial irredentist foreign policy. The study proceed with the content analysis methodology as

Scope Volume 13 Number 02 June 2023511 www.scope-journal.com Porous Borders , Banditry and Insecurity in Northern Nigeria: A Human Security Perspective in the Country's Fourth Republic Chimaobi Okorie (PhD)Department Of Social Works University of Calabar Cross River State Nigeria. Otu Duke (PhD)Department Of Public Administration University of Calabar Cross River State Nigeria Ijim Uno Agbo (PhD)Department Of Public Administration University of Calabar Cross River State Nigeria Okon Bassey Bassey Department of Political Science University of Calabar Cross River. The Nigerian Democratic fourth republic, which commenced on the 29th May 1999, greeted by Nigerians within and diaspora with a sigh of relief . Thus after many years (32years) of military rule with its collorallies of human rights abuse, the militarization of civil society, ban and embargo on many democratic tenets like students union, workers union, suffocating the powers of the court, unlawful imprisonment and detention of persons, etc., hence the coming of democracy was to reverse the old shackles of military rule,where transparency, accountability, human security, human right, equality, safety, development would prevail. Ironically as the country journeyed into the fourth republic, the Nigerian society saw itself drowning in many trouble waters, mostly in areas of conflicts conflagration. This manifested in the Niger Delta Resources conflict, Boko haram, various ethnic cum religious conflicts, unknown, gunmen,Herdsmen, bandits, etc. The current nefarious activities of bandits in Nigeria have been a matter of serious concern due to the death toll, destruction of lives and properties, attack at military camps/bases, and carting away their weapons, etc. It is based on this, the paper set to interrogate the human security implication of bandits in northern Nigeria. The study proceeds by finding answers to questions such as: what is the connectivity between Porous Borders and banditry? How does banditry breeds human insecurity in the form of death of civilians and soldiers, food insecurity, employment and hunger as a result of attack at farmers, internally displacement? etc. To achieve this, the paper utilized the content analysis methodological orientation as data were mainly secondary sources: textbooks, magazines, internet materials, Journal publications, etc. the human security theory was explored.it was discovered that: poor border policing, easy manipulations of youths by criminal agents, poor internal security architecture paved the way for prevalent of bandits and other criminal agents. the paper recommends: effective policing and security, adequate and judiciously utilizing of security votes.Keywords: borders, porous borders, banditry, security, (8) (PDF) Porous Borders , Banditry and Insecurity in Northern Nigeria: A Human Security Perspective in the Country's Fourth Republic. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372985422_Porous_Borders_Banditry_and_Insecurity_in_Northern_Nigeria_A_Human_Security_Perspective_in_the_Country's_Fourth_Republic [accessed Sep 17 2023].

ne of the threatening and devastating security dilemma, which truncates and O disturbs global peace and security, is the transnational criminal acts of sea piracy. Thus, the international water ways have seen the flow of business, persons, ships for both commercial and mobility reasons, perturbed by attacks from sea pirates. This has manifested mostly in the Horn of Africa's Somalia sea coast off the Gulf of Aden, indian ocean leading to kidnappings, hijackings, arms trade and proliferation etc. The study adopts the content analysis as its methodology. Data were retrieved from mainly secondary sources (textbooks, journal publications, magazines etc). While the failed state and securitization Theory were explored to buttress the work. Based on the findings, the study discovered that the magnitude and high incidence of piracy in the Horn of Africa, emanates from the collapse of Somalia State during the regime of President Siad Barre:a regime that reign based on ethnic sentiment, high-handedness, victimization of oppositions.This bred up a society of dissentment and challenge to legitimacy as the state could not ensure it's existence , and it's failure to provide social amenities,and and finally fell prey to militias.this paved the way for the emergence of various criminal groups, warlords, militias, religious fundamentals etc struggling the state with the central government. The study recommends among other things: prioritizing the concept of human security, effective governance, establishing and maintaining effective security in both land, waters and air, the emergence of a formidable regional security bloc to counter terrorism, state piracy and other criminality in the region.D

The oil-rich Nigerian state, despite the abundance of oil revenue which contributes about 95% export earning and 40% GDP , is still grappling with myriads of developmental challenges. There is the reasoning that enormous revenue from mineral and other natural resources in the form of financial gains should engender positive development. Such development implies: Security of citizens, employment, education, good roads, sustainable wage/salaries, poverty reduction, violent-free election, electricity, sustainable environment, etc. But unfortunately the case of Nigeria and most resource-rich countries has been a curse rather than a blessing with symptoms of Dutch disease .Such indices of Dutch disease and paradox of plenty that ravages the Nigerian state manifests in the form of the abandoning of other sectors(agriculture, service, industrial,) since the oil boom, petro-violence/resource war as occurred in the Niger Delta with the bunkering, kidnappings of foreign oil expatriates for ransom, environmental degradation without compensation, corruption, poverty, unemployment, hunger, dependency, heavy debts burden, insecurity, decayed infrastructure and social services, etc. It is upon this backdrop the study examined the unpalatable developmental quagmire of the Nigerian state within the framework of Dutch disease and paradox of plenty, taking into consideration, three critical issues: corruption, underdevelopment and political violence. The study proceeds with content analysis methodology, as data was gotten from secondary sources (textbooks, magazines, journal publications, etc.). The resource curse theory was explored to buttress the work. The study discovered that: corruption, monolithic nature of the economy, bad leadership bereft of the political will, who have criminalized the state with their rent-seeking behavior etc. is the bane of the country's development, hence diversification, industrialization, human capital development, sincere fight against corruption, etc. should be adopted

The paper seeks to examine the extent to which the Nigerian democratic Fourth Republic has been bastardized by money politics. There were widespread expectations that the arrival of democracy in Nigeria on May 29, 1999, would usher in an era of free and fair elections, tolerance, respect for human rights, and the strengthening of all democratic edifices (courts, civil society, a corrupt-free and independent judiciary, people-oriented development, and so on). Unfortunately, the fourth republic became ensnared in a web of protracted political, economic, and social maladies. One of these has been the pernicious issue of undemocratic methods of leadership selection and election, which have been rife with anomalies such as rigging, thugs, vote-buying, assassination, and so on. This has manifested itself in the current 2022 primary elections in Nigeria in preparation for the 2023 general election. The situation gets worse and more deplorable as the delegates who are vested with the constitutional powers to select those to run for the presidency in 2023 have been transformed into a political nightmare as huge amounts of foreign currency flood the entire process of the primary election. Based on this, the study interrogated the delegate system and how it aided the flourishing of flawed electoral processes for leadership selection, considering the overbearing tenets of money politics. The paper used a qualitative research methodology because the data was primarily obtained from secondary sources: textbooks, journal publications, internet materials, and magazines. Content analysis was used to analyze secondary data. The study discusses some technical and constitutional provisions concerning party formation, the place of the delegate in Nigeria's electoral processes, party primaries, and candidates who contested the primaries of the two major political parties, etc., before discussing issues of money politics and how delegates became a thorn in the country's electoral processes and candidate selection. The investment theory of politics and party competition was explored. The study discovered that the delegate system continues to be anathema to quality and visionary leadership, leading to its abolition and the adoption of a more inclusive and concessional approach.

he study sets out to investigate the extent which the Boko Haram insurgency has T taken a terrible dimension and shift its focus on attacking the Nigerian military/security forces. Thus, as a terrorist group with an ideology of eradicating western edifices and enthroning Islamic doctrine which it pursued with the instrumentality of bombing, killing, kidnapping of innocent citizens and instilling fears while unleashing terrible humanitarian issues of displacement. The group has turned its agenda towards unleashing terror at the nigerian military and security personnels. Thus, it's an irony and serious contradiction that a country known as "giant of Africa" with a strong formidable ground force, that have engaged in many humanitarian and peacekeeping gestures of military proportion outside its shores cannot defeat a guirrela terrorist group for over 10 years, despite huge monies voted for security votes and defence appropriation to counter Boko Haram terror. it is upon this worrisome situation the study delved to examine how factors such as: corruption and intelligence leakage could be responsible for the weak anti-terrorism campaign. The paper adopted the qualitative research methodology, while the content was used to analyse and interprete data retrieved from secondary sources like textbook, journal articles, newspaper/magazines, etc. The human security theory and needs theory were explored. The study discovered that, porous borders, embezzlement of security votes and misappropriation of defence expenditures, sabotage are responsible for the poor results in countering Boko Haram. hence a robust, sincere and uncompromising security intelligence and brute force, motivation of personnels and strict border security.