September 2024
·
383 Reads
·
3 Citations
Nature Human Behaviour
This page lists works of an author who doesn't have a ResearchGate profile or hasn't added the works to their profile yet. It is automatically generated from public (personal) data to further our legitimate goal of comprehensive and accurate scientific recordkeeping. If you are this author and want this page removed, please let us know.
September 2024
·
383 Reads
·
3 Citations
Nature Human Behaviour
November 2023
·
611 Reads
·
31 Citations
Nature Human Behaviour
Failures to replicate evidence of new discoveries have forced scientists to ask whether this unreliability is due to suboptimal implementation of methods or whether presumptively optimal methods are not, in fact, optimal. This paper reports an investigation by four coordinated laboratories of the prospective replicability of 16 novel experimental findings using rigour-enhancing practices: confirmatory tests, large sample sizes, preregistration and methodological transparency. In contrast to past systematic replication efforts that reported replication rates averaging 50%, replication attempts here produced the expected effects with significance testing (P < 0.05) in 86% of attempts, slightly exceeding the maximum expected replicability based on observed effect sizes and sample sizes. When one lab attempted to replicate an effect discovered by another lab, the effect size in the replications was 97% that in the original study. This high replication rate justifies confidence in rigour-enhancing methods to increase the replicability of new discoveries.
November 2023
·
44 Reads
·
3 Citations
Consistent with power and status differences between men and women in society, men tend to participate more than women do in question-and-answer (Q&A) sessions at in-person academic conferences. This gap in participation in scientific discourse may perpetuate the status quo. The current research examines whether this gender gap in participation in Q&A sessions extends to virtual conferences, which have become more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to shifts in conference formats to enable asynchronous, anonymous, and/or simultaneous participation, we examined whether virtual conferences are more inclusive, and mitigate the gender gap in Q&A participation. Across four virtual conferences that varied in gender representation and Q&A structured format, men continued to take a disproportionate amount of time and space in Q&A sessions. Disproportionate participation did not significantly vary between in-person and virtual formats and did not systematically vary by how the Q&A session was organized. In an all-chat virtual conference, gender differences in volubility were attenuated among higher status academics. Gendered participation and volubility were also impacted by which sub-discipline the presentation was in. Discussion considers the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for understanding the persistence of gender inequality in science. We encourage future research that attends to the cultural factors that promote or mitigate gender disparities in participation.
September 2022
·
115 Reads
·
10 Citations
Psychological Science
Question-and-answer (Q&A) sessions following research talks provide key opportunities for the audience to engage in scientific discourse. Gender inequities persist in academia, where women are underrepresented as faculty and their contributions are less valued than men’s. In the present research, we tested how this gender difference translates to face-to-face Q&A-session participation and its psychological correlates. Across two studies examining participation in three conferences, men disproportionately participated in Q&A sessions in a live, recorded conference ( N = 189 Q&A interactions), and women were less comfortable participating in Q&A sessions and more likely to fear backlash for their participation ( N = 234 conference attendees). Additionally, women were more likely to hold back questions because of anxiety, whereas men were more likely to hold back questions to make space for others to participate. To the extent that men engage more than women in Q&A sessions, men may continue to have more influence over the direction of science.
September 2022
·
1,269 Reads
·
27 Citations
Affective Science
The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.
August 2022
·
1,576 Reads
·
4 Citations
Nature Human Behaviour
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world.
May 2022
·
1,821 Reads
·
35 Citations
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Significance Communicating in ways that motivate engagement in social distancing remains a critical global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study tested motivational qualities of messages about social distancing (those that promoted choice and agency vs. those that were forceful and shaming) in 25,718 people in 89 countries. The autonomy-supportive message decreased feelings of defying social distancing recommendations relative to the controlling message, and the controlling message increased controlled motivation, a less effective form of motivation, relative to no message. Message type did not impact intentions to socially distance, but people’s existing motivations were related to intentions. Findings were generalizable across a geographically diverse sample and may inform public health communication strategies in this and future global health emergencies.
May 2022
·
9 Reads
Due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual conferences have become not only more popular and widespread, but necessary. Virtual conferences come with big hopes for inclusion in science. At in-person conferences, there are large gender disparities in Q&A participation, and it is unclear how the shift to virtual would impact gendered Q&A participation. Gendered Q&A participation was tested in four virtual conferences that varied in gender representation and Q&A structured format. In virtual conferences, men continued to take a disproportionate amount of time and space in Q&A sessions. Disproportionate participation did not significantly vary between in-person and virtual formats and did not systematically vary by how the Q&A session was organized. In an all-chat virtual conference, gender differences in volubility were attenuated among higher status academics. Gendered participation and volubility were impacted by which sub-discipline the symposium was in. Future research should focus on the cultural factors that promote or mitigate gender disparities in participation.
April 2022
·
363 Reads
·
89 Citations
Collabra Psychology
Interpreting a failure to replicate is complicated by the fact that the failure could be due to the original finding being a false positive, unrecognized moderating influences between the original and replication procedures, or faulty implementation of the procedures in the replication. One strategy to maximize replication quality is involving the original authors in study design. We (N = 17 Labs and N = 1,550 participants, after exclusions) experimentally tested whether original author involvement improved replicability of a classic finding from Terror Management Theory (Greenberg et al., 1994). Our results were non-diagnostic of whether original author involvement improves replicability because we were unable to replicate the finding under any conditions. This suggests that the original finding was either a false positive or the conditions necessary to obtain it are not fully understood or no longer exist. Data, materials, analysis code, preregistration, and supplementary documents can be found on the OSF page: https://osf.io/8ccnw/
March 2022
·
12 Reads
Question-and-answer (Q&A) sessions following research talks provide key opportunities for the audience to engage in scientific discourse. Gender inequities persist in academia in which women are underrepresented as faculty and their contributions less valued (Ceci & Williams, 2011). In this paper, we test how this gender difference translates to face-to-face Q&A session participation and its psychological correlates. Across two studies examining participation in three conferences, men disproportionately participate in Q&A sessions in a live, recorded conference (N = 208 Q&A interactions), women are less comfortable participating in Q&A sessions and more likely to fear backlash for their participation (N = 234 conference attendees), and women are more likely to hold back questions due to anxiety whereas men are more likely to hold back questions to make space for others to participate. To the extent men engage more than women in Q&A sessions, men may continue to have more influence over the direction of science.
... The involvement in this retraction (Protzko et al., 2024) of prominent reformers who advocate strict normative methodologies demonstrates, in my view, the utter impossibility of preemptively regulating such an immensely complex endeavor as (psychological) science. ...
September 2024
Nature Human Behaviour
... On the other hand, preregistration proponents have responded with empirical evidence for the efficacy of preregistrations. Protzko et al. (2023) claimed to show in a prospective study that rigour-enhancing methods-including preregistration-contributed to the discovery of highly replicable findings. However, Protzko et al. (2023) have been criticized for overstating their claims. ...
Reference:
Preregistration and predictivism
November 2023
Nature Human Behaviour
... The impact of virtual conferences on gender inequality remains a subject of debate, with mixed findings (Olechnicka et al., 2024). For example, while certain studies indicate positive changes in gender composition among conference participants due to the online transition (Biermann, 2024;Skiles et al., 2022;Walton et al., 2022), while others report that gender disparities persist or even worsen (Falk & Hagsten, 2022;Jarvis et al., 2023;Standaert & Thunus, 2022;Zhang et al., 2023). These inconsistent findings highlight the need for comprehensive studies that analyze gender participation over a more extended period and across multiple conference formats, using reliable and objective data of high credibility. ...
November 2023
... Menengage is a global alliance that works towards engaging men and boys in promoting gender impartiality and addressing issues of GBv. in South africa, Menengage has gained significant traction and has been instrumental in challenging traditional male-orientated ethos and fostering more embracing and equitable notions of manhood. One of the core components of Menengage's work in South africa is engaging men and young boys as allies and advocates for gender equality (Jarvis et al., 2022). this initiative recognizes the significance of involving men in conversations around gender and promoting positive forms of masculinity. ...
September 2022
Psychological Science
... The somewhat limited sample size necessitates utilisation of more substantial samples in future studies. We want to highlight though that similar studies with bigger samples (n = 15,929: [69]; n = 500: [70]) did not find framing effects either, which corroborates our results and aligns with our argument above that it is highly likely that in "strong" situations (such as the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic) the situational context matters the most for driving people's reactions and supersedes other influences (such as framing effects). Lastly, even though we measured whether our participants (or their family members) experienced COVID-19 symptoms, we did not ask about cases of death related to COVID-19. ...
September 2022
Affective Science
... Autonomous motivation is considered important for implementing sustainable health behaviours [22,27]. The COVID-19 context is no exception, and autonomous motivation has been shown to increase COVID-19 preventive behaviours such as social distancing [28] and intentions to vaccinate [10]. ...
May 2022
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
... Replicability is typically distinguished from reproducibility, or reaching the same results when repeating the analysis of a study with both the same methods and the same data. Crucially, while the exact definitions might differ slightly across disciplines, a lack of replicability, in its broad sense, has recently been identified for large sets of studies in psychology (Open Science Collaboration, 2015;Klein et al. 2022), medicine (Ioannidis, 2005), economics (Camerer et al. 2016), and the behavioural and social sciences more generally (Camerer et al. 2018). Efforts to increase replicability rates have recently been discussed at great length, with suggestions to increase transparency (e.g., Asendorpf et al. 2013), engage in preregistration (e.g., Nosek et al. 2022), and apply more rigorous statistical methods (e.g., Simmons et al. 2021). ...
April 2022
Collabra Psychology
... The advantage of reappraisal is that it is cheap, quick, and easy to explain. It is also effective, and seems to consistently help individuals regulate their emotions in a variety of contexts [3][4][5] . ...
August 2021
... A number of sources for such moral intuitions are plausible, among these a tendency to value work contributions that parallels general disapproval of shirkers and noncontributors (Jordan, Hoffman, Bloom, & Rand, 2016), use of work behavior as a signal of underlying traits (Uhlmann, Pizarro, & Diermeier, 2015), the influence of the Protestant work ethic in some cultures (Uhlmann & Sanchez-Burks, 2014), and postmaterialist value systems in which work is pursued for meaning and fulfillment rather than as an economic necessity (Inglehart, 1997;Inglehart & Welzel, 2005). A separate project to this one examines the extent to which these and other work morality effects directly replicate across different national cultures (Tierney, Ebersole, Hardy, Chapman, et al., 2019). Of interest to the present initiative is how conceptually robust the findings are to alternative study designs. ...
December 2020
... Given how readily humans make social comparisons, especially on social media (Aubry et al., 2024;Midgley et al., 2021), we included instructions about avoiding social comparisons by remaining focused on the "other" rather than the "self" and maintaining an attitude of self-compassion (Neff, 2003). These instructions make use of an emotion regulation strategy known as reappraisal (Gross, 2002;Wang et al., 2021), telling participants to gently redirect self-focused feelings of envy to other-focused feelings of happiness. ...
August 2021
Nature Human Behaviour