Charles D. Spielberger’s scientific contributions

... After recording age, gender, education level, and previous anesthesia experience using the one-on-one interview method, we used the most commonly used anxiety scale, namely Spielberger et al.'s Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale, to assess the preoperative anxiety level. 4 The STAI is a 40-item questionnaire evaluating trait (20 items) and state (20 items) anxiety; greater anxiety is reflected by higher scores. After giving information about general anesthesia and surgery to all patients, they were informed about the VAS (Visual Analog Scale) pain scoring system, in which they would score the severity of pain they felt in the postoperative period between 0 and 10. ...

Reference:

The relationship between anxiety and postoperative pain after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy; A prospective cohort study