Céline Aubry’s research while affiliated with University of Paris-Saclay and other places

For more than 80 years, specialized metabolism has provided us with many molecules used in medicine, especially as anti-infectives. Yet today, with the rise of antimicrobial resistance worldwide, new antibiotics are crucially needed. One of the answers to this serious shortage could arise from synthetic biology. In the field of specialized metabolism, synthetic biology is used in particular to biosynthesize unnatural metabolites. Among specialized metabolites, non-ribosomal peptides constitute an attractive target as they have already provided us with clinically valuable molecules (e.g. the vancomycin and daptomycin antibiotics). In addition, most are synthesized by multimodular enzymes called non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and further diversified by tailoring enzymes. Thus, such biosynthetic pathways are particularly amenable to combinatorial biosynthesis, which consists in combining biosynthetic genes coming from various gene clusters or, in the case of NRPSs, combining modules or domains to create a new enzyme. Yet, if several studies have established the feasibility of such approaches, many obstacles remain before combinatorial biosynthesis approaches are fully effective for the synthesis of new metabolites. The work presented here is part of a project aiming at understanding the limiting factors impeding NRPS-based combinatorial biosynthesis approaches, using a synthetic biology approach. We chose to work with the NRPSs involved in the biosynthesis of pyrrolamides. Indeed, these NRPS are solely constituted of stand-alone modules and domains, and thus, particularly amenable to genetic and biochemical manipulations. The characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster of the pyrrolamide anthelvencin constitutes the first part of this thesis, and provided us with new genes for our study. The second part involved the construction of modular integrative vectors, essential tools for the construction and assembly of gene cassettes. The final part presents the successful refactoring of the congocidine pyrrolamide gene cluster, based on the construction and assembly of synthetic gene cassettes. Altogether, this work paves the way for future combinatorial biosynthesis experiments that should help deciphering the detailed functioning of NRPSs.

One of the strategies employed today to obtain new bioactive molecules with potential applications for human health (for example, antimicrobial or anticancer agents) is synthetic biology. Synthetic biology is used to biosynthesize new unnatural specialized metabolites or to force the expression of otherwise silent natural biosynthetic gene clusters. To assist the development of synthetic biology in the field of specialized metabolism, we constructed and are offering to the community a set of vectors that were intended to facilitate DNA assembly and integration in actinobacterial chromosomes. These vectors are compatible with various DNA cloning and assembling methods. They are standardized and modular, allowing the easy exchange of a module by another one of the same nature. Although designed for the assembly or the refactoring of specialized metabolite gene clusters, they have a broader potential utility, for example, for protein production or genetic complementation.

With the development of synthetic biology in the field of (actinobacteria) specialized metabolism, new tools are needed for the design or refactoring of biosynthetic gene clusters. If libraries of synthetic parts (such as promoters or ribosome binding sites) and DNA cloning methods have been developed, to our knowledge, not many vectors designed for the flexible cloning of biosynthetic gene clusters have been constructed.We report here the construction of a set of 12 standardized and modular vectors designed to afford the construction or the refactoring of biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces species, using a large panel of cloning methods. Three different resistance cassettes and four orthogonal integration systems are proposed. In addition, FRT sites were incorporated to allow the recycling of antibiotic markers and to limit the risks of unwanted homologous recombination in Streptomyces strains, when several vectors are used. The functionality and proper integration of the vectors in three commonly used Streptomyces strains, as well as the functionality of the Flp-catalysed excision were all confirmed.To illustrate some possible uses of our vectors, we refactored the albonoursin gene cluster from Streptomyces noursei using the Biocrick assembly method. We also used the seamless Ligase Chain Reaction cloning method to assemble a transcription unit in one of the vectors and genetically complement a mutant strain.IMPORTANCE One of the strategies employed today to obtain new bioactive molecules with potential applications for human health (for example antimicrobial or anticancer agents) is synthetic biology. Synthetic biology is used to biosynthesize new unnatural specialized metabolites, or to force the expression of otherwise silent natural biosynthetic gene clusters. To assist the development of synthetic biology in the field of specialized metabolism, we constructed and are offering to the community a set of vectors that were intended to facilitate DNA assembly and integration in actinobacteria chromosome. These vectors are compatible with various DNA cloning and assembling methods. They are standardized and modular, allowing the easy exchange of a module by another one of the same nature. Although designed for the assembly or the refactoring of specialized metabolite gene clusters, they have a broader potential utility, for protein production or genetic complementation, for example.

iGEM (pour international genetically engineered machine) est un concours international autour de la biologie synthétique réunissant des étudiants de toutes disciplines (mathématiques, physique, biologie, arts, etc.). « L’objectif est de construire un système biologique fonctionnel complexe, en assemblant des composants individuels moléculaires simples et standardisés (fragments d’ADN), appelés « briques biologiques » (biobriques), sorte de « legos » moléculaires, entreposés au MIT ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) (le registry of standard biological parts contient environ 20 000 biobriques). C’est une démarche proche de celle de l’ingénieur qui assemble des circuits électroniques ». En 2004, lors de sa création par le MIT ( → ), la compétition iGEM regroupait une quarantaine de projets ; 14 ans plus tard, elle accueille 350 équipes (6 000 étudiants, avec leurs instructeurs) issues des universités du monde entier. Elle culmine en un Giant Jamboree de quatre jours à Boston en novembre, au cours duquel les équipes présentent leur projet. Le « wiki » de la compétition ( www.igem.org ) présente l’ensemble des projets ainsi que le palmarès. Cette année, ont été décernées 114 médailles d’or, 68 d’argent et 107 de bronze. Neuf équipes françaises étaient engagées. (→) Voir l’article de J. Peccoud et L. Coulombel, dont certains passages sont repris dans ce « chapo », m/s n° 5, mai 2007, page 551