Cedric F Garland's research while affiliated with University of California, San Diego and other places
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Publications (212)
Background
Vitamin D has been identified as a potential protective factor in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We expect to see a stronger association of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and CRC crude rates with increasing age since chronic vitamin D deficiency leads to sustained molecular changes that increase cancer risk. The DINOMIT (disju...
Background: Vitamin D has been identified as a potential protective factor the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We expect to see a stronger association of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and CRC crude rates with increasing age since chronic vitamin D deficiency leads to sustained molecular changes that increase cancer risk. The DINOMIT (disjunc...
This article aims to alert the medical community and public health authorities to accumulating evidence on health benefits from sun exposure, which suggests that insufficient sun exposure is a significant public health problem. Studies in the past decade indicate that insufficient sun exposure may be responsible for 340,000 deaths in the United Sta...
Objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which diets with a higher inflammatory potential, as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), are associated with cancer development in a cohort of rural post-menopausal women.
Methods
This study was a secondary analysis of participants of a randomized control trial eva...
Background
Vitamin D has been identified as a potential protective factor the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We expect to see a stronger association of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and CRC crude rates with increasing age since chronic vitamin D deficiency leads to sustained molecular changes that increase cancer risk. The DINOMIT (disjunct...
Background: Vitamin D has been identified as a potential protective factor the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We expect to see a stronger association of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and CRC crude rates with increasing age since chronic vitamin D deficiency leads to sustained molecular changes that increase cancer risk. The DINOMIT (disjunc...
Background: Vitamin D has been identified as a potential protective factor the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We expect to see a stronger association of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and CRC crude rates with increasing age since chronic vitamin D deficiency leads to sustained molecular changes that increase cancer risk. The DINOMIT (disjunc...
This abstract was not presented at the conference.
Citation Format: McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Baggerly LL, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Lappe JM. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-02.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152441.].
BACKGROUND:While numerous epidemiologic studies have found an association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and lower breast cancer risk, few have assessed this association for concentrations >40 ng/ml. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and breast cancer risk across a broad range...
Flowchart of participants.
(TIFF)
Background
It has been reported that higher plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes. However the results to date have been mixed and no adequate data based on a cohort are available for the high end of the normal range, above approximately 32 ng/ml or 80 nmol/L.
Methods
We performed a cohort study of 903 adults...
Participant selection chart.
(PNG)
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of testosterone concentration by age, stratified by time of blood collection (morning or afternoon).
*Relative to overall geometric mean of testosterone, adjusted for study and BMI. Test of heterogeneity between morning and afternoon blood collection: F = 3.00; P = 0.0005. Abbreviations: CI = confidence inter...
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of male sex hormones by family history of prostate cancer.
*relative to no family history of prostate cancer, adjusted for study, age and BMI. Abbreviations: A-diol-G = Androstanediol glucuronide; CI = confidence interval; DHEAS = Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DHT = Dihydrotestosterone; SHBG = sex hormone-b...
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of male sex hormones by waist circumference (cm).
*relative to 90.0–94.9 cm, adjusted for study and age. Abbreviations: A-diol-G = Androstanediol glucuronide; CI = confidence interval; DHEAS = Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DHT = Dihydrotestosterone; SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin.
(EMF)
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of male sex hormones by waist circumference (cm).
*relative to 90.0–94.9 cm, adjusted for study, age and BMI. Abbreviations: A-diol-G = Androstanediol glucuronide; CI = confidence interval; DHEAS = Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DHT = Dihydrotestosterone; SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin.
(EMF)
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of male sex hormones by waist-to-hip ratio.
*relative to 0.90–0.93, adjusted for study and age. Abbreviations: A-diol-G = Androstanediol glucuronide; CI = confidence interval; DHEAS = Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DHT = Dihydrotestosterone; SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin.
(EMF)
Introduction
Sex hormones have been implicated in the etiology of a number of diseases. To better understand disease etiology and the mechanisms of disease-risk factor associations, this analysis aimed to investigate the associations of anthropometric, sociodemographic and behavioural factors with a range of circulating sex hormones and sex hormone...
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of male sex hormones by waist-to-hip ratio.
*relative to 0.90–0.93, adjusted for study, age and BMI. Abbreviations: A-diol-G = Androstanediol glucuronide; CI = confidence interval; DHEAS = Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DHT = Dihydrotestosterone; SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin.
(EMF)
Individual study contact details.
Abbreviations: ATBC = The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; BLSA = The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging; CARET = The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial; CDHS = Child Health and Development Studies; EPIC = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; FMC = Finnish Mobile...
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of male sex hormones by education status.
*relative to < secondary/high school, adjusted for study, age and BMI. Abbreviations: A-diol-g = Androstanediol glucuronide; CI = confidence interval; DHEAS = Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DHT = dihydrotestosterone; SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin.
(EMF)
Relative geometric mean concentrations* of male sex hormones by marriage status.
*relative to married/cohabiting, adjusted for study, age and BMI. # significant interaction with study P<0.01. Abbreviations: A-diol-G = Androstanediol glucuronide; CI = confidence interval; DHEAS = Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DHT = Dihydrotestosterone; SHBG = sex...
In Reply Ms Jaroudi and Dr Peiris suggest that the length of follow-up in our study may have been insufficient to detect a change in cancer incidence. We agree that longer follow-up would have been desirable, but we were limited by funding. However, mechanisms proposed for potential anticancer effects include signaling that may result in short-term...
Importance
Evidence suggests that low vitamin D status may increase the risk of cancer.
Objective
To determine if dietary supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium reduces the risk of cancer among older women.
Design, Setting, and Participants
A 4-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, population-based randomized clinical trial in 31 rural cou...
Fifteen nested case-control or cohort studies in 14 countries have examined the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and risk of colorectal cancer. A meta-analysis of these studies would provide a useful dose-response gradient curve based on pooling of the results of known studies to date. An up-to-date dose-response curve that c...
Frequency distribution and cancer incidence rates by 25(OH)D concentration, Lappe cohort (N = 1169).
The bars represent the number of non-cases by groupings of 10 ng/ml, white dots represent the 25(OH)D concentration for each cancer case, black dots represent cancer incidence rates per 100,000 person-years for indicated 25(OH)D groupings (plotted a...
Background:
Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have been associated with a lower risk of multiple cancer types across a range of 25(OH)D concentrations.
Objectives:
To investigate whether the previously reported inverse association between 25(OH)D and cancer risk could be replicated, and if a 25(OH)D response region could...
Association between serum 25(OH)D and risk of cancer, Lappe cohort (N = 1169).
(DOCX)
Association between serum 25(OH)D and risk of cancer adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, and calcium supplement intake in the range of ≤50 ng/ml, Lappe cohort (N = 1169).
Solid black line represents the estimated hazard ratio for the Cox regression model with restricted cubic splines with 3 knots and dashed lines represent the 95% confidence int...
Kaplan-Meier plot comparing the proportion of cancer-free participants by 25(OH)D concentration (allowing for participants switching groups), Lappe cohort (N = 1169).
Four-year cumulative cancer-free proportion was 97% among participants with 25(OH)D concentrations ≥40 ng/ml compared to 93% for those with 25(OH)D concentrations <20 ng/ml (proportio...
Cancer types for pooled, Lappe, and GrassrootsHealth cohorts.
(DOCX)
Country-level data used in creating graphs and regression models.
(XLS)
World map of leukemia incidence in both sexes (per 100,000 people), represented by graduated symbols, overlaid upon cloud cover-adjusted UVB irradiance (Watts/m2), represented by a choropleth gradient, 172 countries, 2012.
(TIF)
Rates of age-standardized leukemia incidence (cases per 100,000) in both sexes according to cloud cover-adjusted UVB irradiance (W/m2) with countries weighted according to total population, 172 countries, 2012.
(TIF)
There are 52,380 cases of leukemia and 24,090 deaths from it in the US annually. Its causes are unknown and no preventive strategies have been implemented. We hypothesized that leukemia is due mainly to vitamin D deficiency, which is due mainly to low solar ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance. To test this hypothesis, we estimated age-standardized cloud...
![Frequency distribution of serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] for...](profile/Christine-French-4/publication/279863023/figure/fig1/AS:267337903374337@1440749731133/Frequency-distribution-of-serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D-25OHD-for-GrassrootsHealth-GRH_Q320.jpg)
Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have been associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes. This study compared incidence rates of type 2 diabetes among participants aged ≥20 years in two U.S. cohorts with markedly different median 25(OH)D concentrations. The median 25(OH)D concentration in the Grassroots Health (GRH) cohort...
doi: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866
Recently Veugelers and Ekwaru published data [1] indicating that, in its dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) had made a serious calculation error [2]. Using the same data set as had the IOM panel, these investigators showed that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin D had been underesti...
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an inverse association exists between latitude, solar ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance, and incidence rates of multiple myeloma.Methods Associations of latitude and UVB irradiance with age-standardized incidence rates of multiple myeloma were analyzed for 175 countries while controlling for sex-speci...
We examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and all-cause mortality. We searched biomedical databases for articles that assessed 2 or more categories of 25(OH)D from January 1, 1966, to January 15, 2013. We identified 32 studies and pooled the data.
The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality comparing the lowest (0–9 nano...
Chowdhury and colleagues’ meta-analysis of cancer specific incidence and mortality rates with respect to bottom versus top third of baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels found higher relative risks for those with cancer at time of enrolment than those without.1 The implication of this finding is that vitamin D has a much stronger impact on survival a...
Background/Aim: To determine whether higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] at diagnosis is associated with longer survival of patients with breast cancer.
A meta-analysis was performed of five studies of the relationship between 25(OH)D and mortality from breast cancer. A pooled hazard ratio was calculated using a random-effects model. The Der...
Objectives:
Increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels can prevent a wide range of diseases. There is a concern about increasing kidney stone risk with vitamin D supplementation. We used GrassrootsHealth data to examine the relationship between vitamin D status and kidney stone incidence.
Methods:
The study included 2012 participants followed p...
Purpose:
Research suggests the importance of psychosocial factors in recovery from musculoskeletal injuries. The objective of this study was to identify predictors of recovery among U.S. Marines who had musculoskeletal injuries of the back, knee, or shoulder.
Methods:
A sample of 134 participants was assessed at baseline and followed for 1 year...
Background
Most previous research that has examined mental health among Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) combatants has relied on self-report measures to assess mental health outcomes; few studies have examined predictors of actual mental health diagnoses. The objective of this longitudinal investigation was to ident...
Purpose:
The objective of this study was to ascertain whether a relationship exists between pre-diagnostic serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and risk of breast cancer in young women.
Methods:
About 600 incident cases of breast cancer were matched to 600 controls as part of a nested case-control study that utilized pre-diagnostic sera...
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ultraviolet B and global incidence of colorectal cancer, while controlling for relevant covariates. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between latitude and incidence rates of colon cancer in 173 countries. Multiple linear regression was employed to investigate the r...
Aims/hypothesis:
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration may increase risk of insulin-requiring diabetes.
Methods:
A nested case-control study was performed using serum collected during 2002-2008 from military service members. One thousand subjects subsequently developed insulin-requiring diabetes. A healthy control was individuall...
Although the effects of combat deployment on posttraumatic stress disorder have been extensively studied, little is known about the effects of combat deployment on depression and anxiety. This study examined the factors associated with anxiety and depression in a sample of 1560 US Marines who were deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Eleven demographi...
A wide range of epidemiologic and laboratory studies combined provide compelling evidence of a protective role of vitamin D on risk of breast cancer. This review evaluates the scientific evidence for such a role in the context of the A.B. Hill criteria for causality, in order to assess the presence of a causal, inverse relationship, between vitamin...
In a recent paper entitled "Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer," Stolzenberg-Solomon et al. reported that the odds ratio for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer shows a "statistically significant" precipitous jump of more than a factor of 2 at the highest presented concentrations of >100 nmol/l. This was one of six related...
Background: Recent studies have found lower risk of breast cancer in women with higher serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), with few exceptions. To help resolve remaining differences, a nested case-control study was conducted. Material and Methods: Serum was provided by the Department of Defense Serum Repository for 600 new cases...
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are associated with hip fractures, but the dose-response relationship of serum 25(OH)D with risk of stress fractures in young women is unknown. This nested case-control study in a cohort of female Navy recruits was designed to determine whether those with low prediagnostic serum 25(OH)D concent...
Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have been associated with a high risk of breast cancer. Since publication of the most current meta-analysis of 25(OH)D and breast cancer risk, two new nested case-control studies have emerged.
A PubMed search for all case-control studies on risk of breast cancer by 25(OH)D concentration identified 1...
Recent research has suggested a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and risk of leukemia.
Using data from the UN cancer database, GLOBOCAN, this study will determine whether a relationship exists for latitude and ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance with incidence rates of leukemia in 175 countries.
Multiple regression was used to analyze the indep...
Studies indicate that intake of vitamin D in the range from 1,100 to 4,000 IU/d and a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration [25(OH)D] from 60-80 ng/ml may be needed to reduce cancer risk. Few community-based studies allow estimation of the dose-response relationship between oral intake of vitamin D and corresponding serum 25(OH)D in the range abo...
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an inverse association exists between latitude, solar ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance, modeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and incidence rates of cancer of the brain.
Associations of latitude and UVB irradiance with age-standardized incidence rates of cancer of the brain were analyzed for 1...
Psychiatric Diagnosis Status and Demotions in Deployed and Non-War Deployed Marines. Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Analysis Examining Associations of Psychiatric Diagnosis Status and Demotions in Two Cohorts of Marine Corps Personnel, 2001-2007.
Research on Vietnam veterans suggests an association between psychological problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and misconduct; however, this has rarely been studied in veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. The objective of this study was to investigate whether psychological problems were associated...
The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with antisocial behavior in 1,543 Marines who deployed to combat zones in support of conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2002-2007. Five factors were associated with antisocial behavior in multivariate analyses: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, deployment-related str...
To determine if an inverse association exits between latitude, ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance and incidence rates of pancreatic cancer worldwide.
Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship and between UVB irradiance incidence rates of pancreatic cancer and while controlling for cigarette, alcohol and sugar consumption, and...
Although nearly half of bladder cancer cases are due to smoking, the cause of nearly half is unexplained.
This study aims to determine whether an inverse association exists between ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance and incidence rates of bladder cancer worldwide.
This study used an ecologic approach. Age-adjusted incidence rates of bladder cancer from...
The effect of combat and operational stress on the mental health of military personnel is a major concern. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with possible posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A questionnaire was completed by 1,569 Marines who deployed in support of conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (2002-2007). Using t...
The objective of this longitudinal study was to determine psychosocial predictors of military misconduct in a cohort of Marine Corps war veterans. The study included data from 20,746 male Marines who completed a life history questionnaire during initial basic training and were subsequently deployed to a combat zone. Associations between psychosocia...
An abstract is unavailable. This article is available as HTML full text and PDF.
On the epidemiology of influenza: reply to Radonovich LJ, Martinello RA, Hodgson M, Milton DK, Nardell EA. Influenza and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. Virol J. 2008, 5:149.
The aim of the study was to determine age- and race-related, and overall incidence rates of insulin-requiring diabetes in adults in the US military.
Electronic records for admissions to US military and Tricare hospitals during 1990-2005 and visits to military clinics during 2000-2005 were identified using the Career History Archival Medical and Per...
Higher serum levels of the main circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), are associated with substantially lower incidence rates of colon, breast, ovarian, renal, pancreatic, aggressive prostate and other cancers.
Epidemiological findings combined with newly discovered mechanisms suggest a new model of cancer etiology that acco...
Number of incident cases of type 1 diabetes by month and year in active duty service members, Department of Defense, 2000–2004.
Higher levels of the principal circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), are associated with substantially
lower incidence and death rates from colon, breast, and ovarian cancer, with a linear dose–response gradient. The accumulated
evidence from observational studies and a randomized trial reveal that population serum levels of...
Vitamin D has important benefits in reducing the risk of many conditions and diseases. Those diseases for which the benefits are well supported and that have large economic effects include many types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, several bacterial and viral infections, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Eur...
Open Letter to IARC Director Christopher P. Wild: Re IARC Working Group Report 5—Vitamin D and Cancer for consideration for publication in Dermato-Endocrinology. This letter has undergone considerable review by several of the coauthors and has been read and approved by all signatories.