Carsten J. Crede’s research while affiliated with University of East Anglia and other places

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Publications (7)


Post-Cartel Tacit Collusion: Determinants, Consequences, and Prevention
  • Article

March 2020

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35 Reads

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16 Citations

International Journal of Industrial Organization

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Carsten J. Crede

We experimentally investigate the determinants of post-cartel tacit collusion (PCTC), the effects of PCTC on market outcomes, and potential policy measures aimed at its prevention. PCTC occurs robustly with or without fines or leniency and is determined both by collusive price hysteresis and learning about cartel partners’ characteristics and strategies. As a result, it is also strongly related to the preceding cartel success. PCTC generates a downward bias in the estimated cartel overcharges. This threatens the effectiveness of deterrence induced by private damage litigation and fines imposed on colluding firms based on the overcharge. This bias further increases with preceding cartel stability such that especially more stable sets of colluding firms may be deterred less when PCTC is present. Rematching colluding subjects with strangers within a session prevents PCTC. This indicates that barring colluding managers from their posts could help impede PCTC in the field.


Cumulated price changes in the pasta price indices
OLS-MOSUM and ME EFPs for Italy and Spain. a OLS-MOSUM Italy, b OLS-MOSUM Spain, c ME Italy and d ME Spain
ME test results for coefficient stability in Italy
Identified structural breaks in the Italian pasta industry
Monitoring in the Italian pasta industry

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A Structural Break Cartel Screen for Dating and Detecting Collusion
  • Article
  • Publisher preview available

May 2019

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294 Reads

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23 Citations

Review of Industrial Organization

In this article, a new empirical screen for detecting cartels is developed. It can also be used to date the beginning of known conspiracies, which is often difficult in practice. Structural breaks that are induced by cartels in the data-generating process of industry prices are detected by testing reduced-form price equations for structural instability. The new screen is applied to three European markets for pasta products, in which it successfully reports the cartels that were present in the Italian and Spanish markets, but finds no suspicious patterns in the French market, which was not cartelised. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

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Post-Cartel Tacit Collusion: Determinants, Consequences, and Prevention

July 2015

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829 Reads

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4 Citations

We experimentally investigate the attributes and effects of post-cartel tacit collusion (PCTC) as well as policy measures aimed at its prevention. PCTC occurs irrespective of the absence or presence of an antitrust authority and in different competition regimes. PCTC is determined both by collusive price hysteresis and learning about cartel partners’ characteristics and strategies. As a result, it is strongly related with the preceding cartel success. The estimation of cartel overcharges, an important factor in litigation, is found out to be biased downwards in the presence of PCTC. As a policy note, we show that debarment of managers involved in cartels from the market can prevent PCTC.


The Effect of Gender Equality on International Soccer Performance

January 2014

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124 Reads

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6 Citations

SSRN Electronic Journal

In this article, we propose a new estimation strategy that draws on the variation in the performance between the male and the female national soccer team within a country to identify the effect of gender equality on women’s soccer success. For this, country year fixed effects are used to control for both time-constant and time-variant country specific factors. Our results reveal that within-country differences in our proxies for gender equality explain the international soccer performance of female teams, but have no notable explanatory power for the success of male teams. This suggests that gender equality is an important determinant of female sport success.


Methods for Evaluating Educational Programs – Does Writing Center Participation Affect Student Achievement?

September 2012

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62 Reads

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17 Citations

Evaluation and Program Planning

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the introduction of a Writing Center at a university, which aims at improving students' scientific writing abilities. In order to deal with the presumed limited utility of student feedback surveys for evaluating the effectiveness of educational programs, we use students' actual learning outcomes as our quality measure. Based on this objective measure, different statistical evaluation methods established in the labor market treatment literature are applied. We present and discuss the validity of these methods to evaluate educational programs and compare the results of these approaches to implications obtained using corresponding student surveys. Although almost all students reported the writing courses to be helpful, we find no significant effect of course participation on students' grades. This result highlights the need for institutions not to rely solely on student course evaluations for evidence-based policy decisions.


Citations (6)


... This convergence is not immediate but instead gradual. However, it is not uncommon for prices to stay above the competitive level in the post-cartel period due to some form of lingering tacit collusion (Chowdhury & Crede, 2020). ...

Reference:

Cartel Member or Free Rider? Detecting Collusion at the Firm Level
Post-Cartel Tacit Collusion: Determinants, Consequences, and Prevention
  • Citing Article
  • March 2020

International Journal of Industrial Organization

... However, for the current purpose, some commonly used approaches seem less suited. While methods that search for abrupt changes in pricing behavior (e.g., Crede, 2019or Boswijk et al., 2019 or compare suspected colluders to a competitive benchmark (e.g., Porter and Zona, 1993) are useful as the starting point of a deeper investigation, they are unlikely to distinguish between cartel participation and free-riding. ...

A Structural Break Cartel Screen for Dating and Detecting Collusion

Review of Industrial Organization

... As noted above, there is plenty of empirical evidence that the level of national economic development is the most critical factor influencing performance in sporting competitions, with fewer sporting practices being associated with poorer sporting performance in the least economically developed countries [21]; similarly, rising income levels across countries lead to more leisure time spent on the pursuit of football, which in turn leads to better performance [22]. However, the economic element is only a subset of social development. ...

The Effect of Gender Equality on International Soccer Performance
  • Citing Article
  • January 2014

SSRN Electronic Journal

... All are relatively wealthy, which is a prerequisite for Olympic success in all regions. 4 5 6 Australia and New Zealand are very similar nations, politically and demographically, as are Japan and South Korea, but these two sibling groups differ from each other as do all four of these nations from China. The five nations are most bound by being regional neighbours. ...

Olympic Medals: Does the Past Predict the Future?
  • Citing Article
  • June 2016

Significance

... 50,51 Collecting feedback from noninvolved individuals will also enhance identification of their un-biased views about the results of the program. 52 In this proposed framework, we ensured collecting feedback from students (both tutors and tutees), faculty members involved in PAL programs, non-involved faculty members and faculty leadership. ...

Methods for Evaluating Educational Programs – Does Writing Center Participation Affect Student Achievement?
  • Citing Article
  • September 2012

Evaluation and Program Planning