Carolyn A. Smith's research while affiliated with University at Albany, The State University of New York and other places
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Publications (46)
Juvenile justice facilities have historically struggled with creating and maintaining safe, therapeutic environments. The need to maintain order has often led to practices that diminish and traumatize residents rather than enable healing and development. Efforts to create change in institutional settings face a range of implementation challenges an...
Purpose
– Serious juvenile delinquency is a significant and costly problem in the society. However, custodial environments often exacerbate current problems and promote recidivism. Girls’ delinquency, in particular, may call for trauma-informed approaches within organizations that serve the most serious offenders. The purpose of this paper is to ex...
The prevention of intimate partner violence is a desirable individual and public health goal for society. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of adolescent risk factors for partner violence in order to inform the development of evidence-based prevention strategies. We utilize data from the Rochester Youth Development...
This study investigated differences in the use of authoritarian parenting (AP), a race socialization practice among high-risk African American parents and compared it to authoritative parenting (ATP) a style found efficacious for White adolescents. Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study are used inclusive of African American (n = 413) and...
We examine two research questions. First, does a history of child maltreatment victimization significantly increase the likelihood of maltreatment perpetration during adulthood? Second, do safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs) during early adulthood serve as direct protective factors, buffering protective factors, or both to interrupt i...
We investigate adolescent risk factors, measured at both early and late adolescence, for involvement in child maltreatment during adulthood. Comprehensive assessments of risk factors for maltreatment that use representative samples with longitudinal data are scarce and can inform multilevel prevention. We use data from the Rochester Youth Developme...
Child maltreatment is a risk factor for substance abuse in adulthood. This study examines whether memory of maltreatment is a necessary link in the path leading from prospectively measured childhood maltreatment to adult substance use problems. Official Child Protective Services reports and adult retrospective recall of childhood maltreatment were...
This study investigates whether positive educational experiences in midadolescence mitigate the impact of exposure to substantiated maltreatment and reduces young adult antisocial behavior. While there is theoretical and empirical support for the mediating or moderating role of educational experiences on maltreatment and antisocial outcomes, few pr...
This study investigates whether child maltreatment and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) have an equivalent effect on young adult violence and criminality, including adult relationship violence, and whether experiencing both types of family violence enhances the risk of adverse outcomes. The study utilizes data from the Rochester Youth De...
Background and Purpose Prior research indicates that children and adolescents who have experienced maltreatment are at risk for a range of developmental problems including delinquency and crime. Although not all maltreated children suffer long-term consequences, many do. Experts underscore the need for more longitudinal research to advance life-cou...
Background and Purpose
Previous studies indicated that maltreatment has a detrimental effect on child development and this disadvantageous experience influences adult's maladjustment. Additionally, important studies pointed out that a confounding risk factor, exposure to interparental violence (IPV), might potentially reinforce antisocial outcome...
This study focuses on intergenerational continuity in violent partner relationships. We investigate whether exposure to caregiver intimate partner violence (IPV) during adolescence leads to increased involvement in IPV during early adulthood (age 21-23) and adulthood (age 29-31). We also investigate whether this relationship differs by gender. Alth...
We use full-matching propensity score models to test whether developmentally specific measures of maltreatment, in particular childhood-limited maltreatment versus adolescent maltreatment, are causally related to involvement in crime, substance use, health-risking sex behaviors, and internalizing problems during early adulthood.
Our design includes...
Youth exposure to intimate partner violence has been theorized to increase the risk of adverse outcomes in adulthood including substance-use problems. However, the limited research on the association between early exposure to intimate partner violence and later alcohol- or drug-use problems is inconclusive. Using a prospective design, this study in...
Gang membership has long been understood to have a disruptive influence on adolescent development and to contribute disproportionately to the rate of delinquent crime. The nature of the impact, and the long-term effects on individuals, have not been well understood. This book uses longitudinal data to examine the developmental consequences of gang...
Interdisciplinary research has indicated that the experience of family violence is a risk factor for childrens’ delinquency
specifically and antisocial behavior more generally. Violence in the family is a national public health concern in view of
its common occurrence, its immediate health and safety concerns for victims, and its broad effects on y...
Links between living in a partner-violent home and subsequent aggressive and antisocial behavior are suggested by the "cycle of violence" hypothesis derived from social learning theory. Although there is some empirical support, to date, findings have been generally limited to cross-sectional studies predominantly of young children, or retrospective...
Purpose
There are relatively few studies exploring how partner violence is transmitted from generation to generation. Social learning theory suggests mediating processes that are involved in the intergenerational transmission of violence. One possible mechanism is the development of antisocial behavior in adolescents who come from an aggressive f...
Little is known about mothers' experiences of reunification with children in the context of recovery from drug abuse. Using a stress and coping framework, this qualitative study interviewed 6 mothers and 11 service providers from substance abuse and child welfare agencies regarding reunification experiences. Analysis of themes indicated that multip...
Although accurate assessment of maltreatment is critical to understanding and interrupting its impact on the life course, comparison of different measurement approaches is rare. The goal of this study is to compare maltreatment reports from official Child Protective Services (CPS) records with retrospectively self-reported measures. Research questi...
This qualitative study explored the experiences of women in recovery from drug abuse who had resumed parenting their children after child placement. Six mothers and 11 service providers from substance abuse treatment and child welfare agencies were interviewed about their perceptions of the experience of being reunified with one's children followin...
Recent research suggests a link between childhood maltreatment and later involvement in delinquency. This study examines this issue using official and self-report data from the Rochester Youth Development Study. The analysis addresses three central issues: the magnitude of the relationship between early child maltreatment and later delinquency, off...
Childhood maltreatment is known to be a risk factor for a range of later problems, but much less is known about adolescent maltreatment. The present study aims to investigate the impact of adolescent maltreatment on antisocial behavior, while controlling for prior levels of problem behavior as well as sociodemographic characteristics.
Data are from...
Résumé
Objet : L’étude traite des conséquences des mauvais traitements, corroborés par des instances officielles, sur le comportement antisocial et sur d’autres indicateurs connexes chez les femmes d’un échantillon longitudinal et représentatif de la ville de Rochester aux États-Unis.
Méthodologie : Les données proviennent de l’étude de Rochester s...
Much of the literature on African American fathers has tended to perpetuate a stereotype of absent and unsupportive parenting. This study employs a life course perspective to investigate the extent and predictors of involvement by young fathers. Data come from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study that has followed a represent...
Background:
Accumulating evidence indicates that there are intergenerational continuities in antisocial behavior, and that parenting patterns play a role in these continuities. Very few studies, however, enable assessment across two generations of children at comparable ages, employing independent reporters and comparable measurements. The present...
Becoming a teen father can lead to negative consequences for both the young father and his offspring. It is important to understand the process that leads some young men into fatherhood while others delay it until they are more developmentally ready. One possibility is that becoming a teen father is part of a more general deviant lifestyle. This pa...
There is a well-developed literature examining the immediate consequences of experiencing maltreatment during childhood. However, because of the problems of conducting longitudinal studies which follow subjects over many years, less is known about the long-term consequences of maltreatment. Using the Rochester Youth Development study, a longitudina...
There is a strong assumption of intergenerational continuity in behavior patterns, including antisocial behavior. Using a 3-generation, prospective study design, we examine the level of behavioral continuity between Generation 2 (G2) and Generation 3 (G3), and the role of economic disadvantage and parenting behaviors as mediating links. We estimate...
Gang membership has long been understood to have a disruptive influence on adolescent development and to contribute disproportionately to the rate of delinquent crime. The nature of the impact, and the long-term effects on individuals, have not been well understood. This book uses longitudinal data to examine the developmental consequences of gang...
Developmental psychopathology emphasizes the impact that early childhood maltreatment has on adolescent and early adult development. The life-course perspective, however, emphasizes more proximal events—adolescent maltreatment, for example—as developmentally disruptive. Prior research suggests that childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for adoles...
A substantial body of literature suggests that childhood maltreatment is related to negative outcomes during adolescence, including delinquency, drug use, teenage pregnancy, and school failure. There has been relatively little research examining the impact that variation in the developmental stage during which the maltreatment occurs has on these r...
The primary goal of this paper is to investigate the interrelationship between sexual activity, pregnancy, and deviance among a cohort of urban African American adolescent girls and compare the risk factors that predict these behaviors. The data are drawn from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS), a multiwave panel study designed to examine...
From the Administrator Despite a multitude of happy exceptions , it is a sad truth that children in families disrupted by divorce or separation have a greater chance of exhibiting problem behavior, including delinquency, than children being raised by two parents. This Bulletin examines the impact that multiple changes in family structure have on an...
The study discussed in this article investigated the effects of social and economic disadvantage on parent distress, family
processes, and adolescent mental health in a longitudinal, multiethnic sample of 800 urban adolescents and parents. The findings
support the hypothesis that poverty, life stressors, and isolation affect parent mood and disrupt...
Although parents are often included in interventions with delinquent adolescents in community-based programs, attention to the effect on parents of living with challenging and antisocial children has been lacking in the literature. Recent research on reciprocal relationships and on the way delinquent adolescents affect parents can inform practice s...
Recent longitudinal research employing complex measurement and analytic strategies has generated new, more intricate conceptualizations of the relationship between family life and delinquency, all of which have important implications for intervention with delinquents and their families. This critical review of the current research on the role of th...
Current family-delinquency research suggests that the relationships between parenting and delinquency should be viewed from interactional and developmental perspectives. The relationship between parent and child is thought to change over time, partly as a function of reciprocal causal influences between them. In this study, using panel data from a...
The study of teen parenthood has become almost synonymous with the study of teen mothers, but relatively little research attention has been devoted to the study of teen fathers. Nevertheless, because it appears that becoming a teen father has negative developmental consequences for both the teen father and his children, it is an important area of i...
Interactional theory posits a reciprocal relationship among drug use, association with drug using peers, and beliefs about drug use. Using five waves of data from a panel study of high-risk adolescents, two models are estimated to examine these assumptions. The results support the main hypotheses from interactional theory. Drug use and peer drug us...
We tested an ecological model hypothesizing that family context influences parenting, which in turn influences adolescent behavior. Results for 864 adolescents and their parents showed that the family's disadvantaged neighborhood, life distress, social isolation, and lack of partner support were associated with dysfunctional parenting that increase...
This study addresses the role of ethnic and racial diversity in the relationship between family processes and delinquency. The study evaluates the overall role families play in the etiology of delinquency across different ethnic/racial groups, and investigates the relative role of specific issues such as family involvement, family attachment, and f...
Citations
... De acuerdo con este autor, las carencias en apoyo prosocial familiar manifestadas, entre otras, con disciplina paterna errática y bajo sentimiento de afecto son dimensiones de riesgo para la implicación de los hijos en conductas antisociales. Ciertamente, en la literatura previa hay una gran cantidad de trabajos que demuestran que la familia es un contexto clave en el desarrollo de la personalidad de los hijos con problemas de conducta delictiva (Anaya y Pérez-Edgar 2019;Garrido-Montesinos et al., 2018;Hoeve et al., 2009;Ireland et al., 2019;Jalón, 2015;Syed y Seiffge-Krenke, 2013). La calidad del clima familiar, con interacciones positivas entre los miembros de la familia en la que hay una comunicación abierta y un sentimiento de apoyo familiar, no solo protege a los hijos en su implicación en conductas delictivas (Benedicto 2015;Demuth y Brown, 2004;Gove y Crutchfield, 1982;Ibabe y Bentler, 2016;Loeber y Dishion, 1983;Manzoni y Schwarzenegger, 2019), sino que también favorece, como sugiere Redondo (2008), el desarrollo de conductas positivas hacia los demás (Jiménez, 2017;Mestre, 2014;Tur-Porcar et al., 2018). ...
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... Most work studying the gang effect uses a binary measure: actively in the gang or not. This provides a straightforward estimate of the gang membership "effect", but it does not account for the transitional nature of both joining and leaving a gang, and nearly, all gang members go through this entrance and exit process, with some repeating it via a process of intermittency (Augustyn & McGloin, 2021;Thornberry et al., 2003). As Augustyn et al. (2019): 457 noted, "it may be more accurate to view gang membership not as a person-level characteristic but as a within-person process of becoming embedded, being embedded, and becoming de-embedded." ...
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... While Phase 1 focused on training staff about trauma and trauma-informed care, Phase 2 shifted to creating tools to measure change overtime and supporting the S4 team. The critical role of leadership in fostering trauma-informed organizational change has been well documented [34,35]. Trauma-informed care can be championed by anyone at any level within an organization. ...
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... The third theoretical perspective suggests that no direct relationship exists between substance use, poor school performance, and truancy. Instead, predisposing factors such as social disadvantages and adversity, family problems, peer influences, and individual psychological attributes may cause both substance use and truancy (Engberg & Morral, 2006;Fergusson et al, 2003;Godley, 2006;Smith, Krohn, & Lizotte, 2000;Willoughby, Chalmers, & Busseri, 2004). Various studies have linked a multitude of factors from each of these domains to both substance use and truancy. ...
... Included articles (n = 16) are summarized in the data extraction in Table 2. Study designs represented were the quasi-experimental (n = 3) [42][43][44], qualitative (n = 3) [45][46][47], mixed-methods (n = 2) [48,49], pilot study (n = 2) [50,51], program evaluation (n = 1) [52], embedded case study (n = 1) [16], content analysis (n = 1) [53], quantitative analysis (n = 1) [54], phased intervention and quasi-randomized controlled trial (n = 1) [6], and pragmatic exploratory trial (n = 1) [55]. Most research was conducted in the USA (n = 9) ...
... 670-71) to navigate racism and sexism, particularly negative stereotypes of women of color as hypersexualized and as single mothers (Collins 2000;Dow 2019;Guilamo-Ramos et al. 2006). Prior research has also shown that parental control varies by race and ethnicity, with parental control being lowest among Non-Hispanic White adolescents and highest among Hispanic adolescents, followed by non-Hispanic Asian and non-Hispanic Black adolescents (Chao and Aque 2009;Zhang and Sassler 2019), as a protective factor against experiences of racial discrimination (Pezzella et al. 2016). Therefore, the influence of parental control may be greater for non-Hispanic Black women, Hispanic women, and non-Hispanic Asian women relative to Non-Hispanic White women. ...
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... Research indicates that young people are at particularly high risk of IPV. Several studies have found that young adults report higher rates of IPV than those in other age groups (National Center for Crisis Management, n.d.; Thompson et al., 2006), with females experiencing higher rates than males (C. A. Smith et al., 2015;S. G. Smith et al., 2018). ...
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... Under the theme of not wasting time, the psychosocial teams commented on the time constraints given by the family courts and how those failed to adjust for the time needed for parents to start their journeys on recovery from substance use and/ or treatment for mental health issues. On the one hand, this may lead to rushed reunification processes to meet the deadlines set by the family courts; premature reunification before substance misuse treatment has been completed has been linked to higher rates of child welfare recidivism (Carlson et al., 2008). On the other hand, children in care because of parental substance misuse often have longer stays owing to the time required for recovery (Brook et al., 2010). ...
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... Studies have also highlighted the importance of individual differences and of social context in predicting the stability of households, and in mediating the impact of household configuration on delinquency. Research has shown that financial hardship tends to undermine both the integrity of household arrangements-which will be more likely to break apart-and the ability of caretakers to regulate the behavior of youth (Austin, 1978;McLoyd, 1990;Rosen, 1985;Thornberry, 1999). At the same time, the most disadvantaged youth in terms of their deprivation, isolation, and behavior are precisely the ones who tend to benefit the most from the protective effects of caretakers (Cernkovich & Giordano, 1987;Chen & Jiang, 2019;Rosen, 1985). ...
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... Ancak, özellikle genç ya da ileri yaş grubundaki ebeveynlerin ebeveynlikle ilgili tutum ve davranışlarında daha olumsuz sonuçlar ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda yapılan araştırmalara göre (Aksoy & Tatlı, 2019;Dunn, 1988;Güzel & Tüfekci-Akcan, 2019;Lowenthal & Lowenthal, 1997;Meriç & Özyürek, 2018;Parke & Clarke-Stewart, 2001;Pekkarataş, 2010;Tezel-Şahin & Özyürek, 2008;Thornberry, Smith & Howard, 1997;Uzun & Baran, 2019), ebeveynliğin başladığı andaki yaş, kadınların ve erkeklerin annelik ve babalık rollerini nasıl yönettikleri konusunda önemli etkilere sahip olabilir. Bireyin yaş, cinsiyet, sosyal statü gibi özelliklerinin diğerleriyle kurdukları iletişim üzerinde etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. ...
