Carolina Castaldi’s research while affiliated with Utrecht University and other places

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Publications (92)


Beyond business as usual? How organisations navigate tensions between circular economy and intellectual property right strategies
  • Article

January 2025

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8 Reads

Industry and Innovation

Giovanna Capponi

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Carolina Castaldi

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Measuring innovation in international business research: how can trademark data help?

October 2024

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18 Reads

Journal of International Business Policy

Many of the debates around international business policy envision a key role for innovation. The empirical evidence feeding these debates relies, among other methods, on using innovation indicators. Several studies have exploited patent-based innovation indicators, while alternative indicators appear underexploited. In this commentary, I review the case for using trademark data to measure innovation, discussing emerging research on the validity of trademark-based indicators. The main intuition is that including such indicators in the innovation measurement toolbox allows capturing more types of innovation, happening in more firms and in more places. I outline both the case for and the case against embracing trademark-based indicators of innovation in international business research. To illustrate their potential, I discuss studies that already addressed international business research questions using trademarks and I offer examples of new research that could do so in the future, in three core research areas: (i) the global geography of innovation, (ii) cross-border activities and local innovation, (iii) MNE’s innovation and public policy. The ultimate goal here is to trigger curiosity and indicate possibilities, so that the community around this journal can further experiment with measuring innovation with trademark data.





Figure 1. Illustrated scope of study.
Figure 2. Propensity to trademark by industry type.
Figure 3. Propensity to patent and trademark non-patented new goods and services.
Figure 4. Propensity to patent and trademark non-patented new goods and services by industry type.
Overview of sample sizes and sample response rates.

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When do trademarks improve the measurement of innovation? An analysis of innovations from Dutch SMEs
  • Article
  • Full-text available

June 2024

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45 Reads

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3 Citations

Science and Public Policy

Effective innovation policymaking critically relies on monitoring innovation. An emerging literature suggests that trademarks could help measure a larger share of innovations than when only utilizing patents, particularly for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study establishes when trademarks improve the measurement of innovation compared to solely relying on patents as innovation metrics, by examining the propensity to use trademarks for non-patented innovations from SMEs. We collected multiple original samples of innovations from Dutch SMEs and assessed the extent to which trademarks and/or patents were filed for those innovations. Our results show that trademarks can improve innovation measurement for SMEs, particularly in scale-intensive and supplier-dominated industries and in some service industries—areas where patent propensities are low. Our results bear implications for monitoring innovation and evaluating science, research, and innovation policy. Overall, by combining trademark and patent data, the number of measured innovations by SMEs increases approximately by a relative of 51.8 per cent.

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Places as brands: charting the value of place-based intangibles

June 2024

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14 Reads

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1 Citation



Horizon Europe: a green window of opportunity for european peripheral regions?

February 2024

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114 Reads

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6 Citations

Review of Regional Research

An emerging field of research suggests that the policy and societal pressures for a green transition represent a “green window of opportunity” for peripheral regions. These regions often lag behind in overall innovation performance and may suffer from being places that don’t matter. At the same time, these are exactly the regions that the European Union is trying to support through several programmes, including Horizon Europe. This paper investigates the participation of organisations from peripheral regions in environmental projects funded by the Horizon Europe programme. To account for the multidimensional nature of regional peripherality, we define peripheral regions from a geographical, innovation and socio-economic perspective. We then analyse the relationship between these dimensions of regional peripherality and the extent to which regions benefit from Horizon environmental innovation projects in terms of participation, amount of funding and position in the overall network of project consortia. Our findings show a greater participation in Horizon environmental innovation projects for regions in Southern and Northern Europe, while within-country peripherality is negatively related to participation. At the same time, regions that are lagging in terms of innovation and socio-economic performance also receive less of this specific funding. Overall, geographical peripherality only tells a part of the story as several “places that don’t matter” for innovation and economic dynamism are also unable to benefit from these specific green windows of opportunity.


Citations (70)


... This is reflected in research on multi-level urban transition governance, where agency, institutions and networks play a pivotal role (Hodson and Marvin 2010). Studies on emerging territorial innovation systems (Fastenrath et al. 2023) explore the mutual influence of urban characteristics -infrastructures, connectivity, knowledge and resource flows -on transition dynamics (Binz and Castaldi 2024;Castaldi 2024). Urban areas are interpreted in terms of actors, groups, organisations, institutions and processes that imply strong path dependencies and incumbent patterns for forming powerful urban regimes (Stoker and Mossberger 1994) but can also create a breeding ground for developing transformative capacity (Wolfram 2016). ...

Reference:

Urban Sustainability Transitions Research
Toward a normative turn in research on the geography of innovation? Evolving perspectives on innovation, institutions, and human well-being
  • Citing Article
  • August 2024

Progress in Economic Geography

... These types of innovations are essential for the transition to a green economy. For small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), incorporating trademarks into the measurement of innovation can enhance the identification of innovations (Morales et al., 2024b). From a market and commercialization perspective, trademark data can also help researchers track the actual adoption and diffusion of green innovations. ...

When do trademarks improve the measurement of innovation? An analysis of innovations from Dutch SMEs

Science and Public Policy

... Among these, intellectual property (IP) is particularly distinctive (Magelssen, 2019): its rarity and inimitability are legally protected, meaning that two of the requisite characteristics of a strategic resource are inherent to IP (Peteraf, 1993). This holds insofar as the institutional environment enforces this protection; yet, despite recognition that the strategic value of resources is highly contextual, the RBT literature has not fully addressed how a globalized business environment challenges this widely held assumption (Castaldi et al., 2024;Prud'homme & Tong, 2023). ...

Are intellectual property rights working for society?
  • Citing Article
  • March 2024

Research Policy

... Without comparisons, however, it is difficult to understand the distinctions, or the processes underlying them. Peñalosa and Castaldi (2024) also identify a need for research to examine absolute and relative levels of geographical peripherality separately, to uncover distinct patterns. These could also be linked to the macro regions, which are themselves currently under-researched. ...

Horizon Europe: a green window of opportunity for european peripheral regions?

Review of Regional Research

... This is reflected in research on multi-level urban transition governance, where agency, institutions and networks play a pivotal role (Hodson and Marvin 2010). Studies on emerging territorial innovation systems (Fastenrath et al. 2023) explore the mutual influence of urban characteristics -infrastructures, connectivity, knowledge and resource flows -on transition dynamics (Binz and Castaldi 2024;Castaldi 2024). Urban areas are interpreted in terms of actors, groups, organisations, institutions and processes that imply strong path dependencies and incumbent patterns for forming powerful urban regimes (Stoker and Mossberger 1994) but can also create a breeding ground for developing transformative capacity (Wolfram 2016). ...

The geography of urban innovation beyond patents only: New evidence on large and secondary cities in the United States
  • Citing Article
  • November 2023

Urban Studies

... Businesses create economic value through the provision of goods and services that customers consider valuable and for which they are willing to pay a price (Bowman and Ambrosini, 2000;Lepak et al., 2007). Value creation primarily occurs through the combination of a variety of resources in a novel way to create new goods or services and the exchange of resources provided by a range of stakeholders (Moran and Ghoshal, 1999;Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998 (Toroslu et al., 2023). These approaches agree that, if it is true that value is generally perceived from a consumer perspective, the firm's ability to create and capture value depends on its dynamic capabilities, on core and distinctive competencies, and on the managers' ability to identify the valuable resources that the firm possesses and to deploy them effectively (Della Corte and Del Gaudio, 2014;Zubac et al., 2010). ...

Value capture in open innovation: A literature review and a research agenda

Industrial Marketing Management

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Andrea M. Herrmann

... True and impactful green innovation often involves systemic changes, collaborative efforts, and non-technological innovations. IPRs such as patents or trademarks may not be effective protection mechanisms or could potentially hinder the diffusion of green innovation (Morales et al., 2022;Morales et al., 2024a). In some cases, IPRs might even conflict with societal environmental goals. ...

Why use or forgo formal and informal appropriation mechanisms? A qualitative study of sustainable innovations from small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises
  • Citing Article
  • September 2023

Business Strategy and the Environment

... A firm's position within a network determines its ability to access resources and information, and its bargaining power and influence in external collaborations [21]. Specifically, firms occupying central positions within a network are better positioned to mitigate the uncertainties associated with innovation by leveraging diverse information sources and attracting more collaborative partners to share costs and risks [22]. In contrast, while imitation involves relatively lower risks, it still relies on accumulating resources and knowledge within a network [23]. ...

Open innovation in nascent ventures: Does openness influence the speed of reaching critical milestones?

Technovation

... This finding has been validated in a variety of contexts. In a context of technological innovation and production, technologies that are related to each other through patents are likely to emerge in the same regions (28,29), the product space of a region will affect its ability to develop patents (30), and new product types are likely to emerge in areas close to regional centers of industrial structure (31). Similarly, studies of labor and geography have revealed that occupations that are linked through shared skills are likely to emerge in the same job markets (32,33). ...

Relatedness, Cross-relatedness and Regional Innovation Specializations: An Analysis of Technology, Design, and Market Activities in Europe and the US
  • Citing Article
  • April 2023

Economic Geography

... Consequently, the distribution of products manufactured can influence the prevalence of trademarks in the diversification of analogous products within the trade market. The dominance of trademarks over the accumulation of product supply in the trade market can affect alterations in market structure, particularly in interrelated industrial sectors (Castaldi, 2023;Dinwoodie, 2024;Jiang, 2024). ...

Off the mark? What we (should) know about the bright and dark sides of corporate trademark practices

Industrial and Corporate Change