Carla Cinquegrana’s research while affiliated with University of Bologna and other places

Introduction: In the past 10 years, long-term studies have demonstrated that guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a successful and reliable technique for vertical and horizontal ridge augmentation, but strict and rigorous protocols must be adopted. Material and methods: Because no reports have yet been published with statements and clinical recommendations for GBR, a closed meeting of all authors was organized to discuss this matter during a GBR symposium held in Bologna (Italy) in October 2016. The authors focused on the findings of systematic and narrative reviews, prepared before the meeting, covering aspects of the clinical management of GBR techniques. Successively, a discussion based on the scientific evidence and on the experts' opinions led to the formulation of statements, clinical recommendations, and implications for future research. Results: To avoid complications and to optimize outcomes, the following factors should be considered by clinicians: patient selection; analysis of defect type; blood supply; antibiotic treatment; flap passivation; delayed implant placement; combination of autogenous bone and xenograft or allograft; rigorous fixation of membranes; removal after 6 to 9 months; analysis of complications; soft-tissue management; and high care in scarred sites and in esthetic areas. Conclusions: The present consensus report reviewed the scientific evidence and provided specific guidelines and recommendations for clinical practice and the different approaches to GBR techniques to ensure surgical success and predictable outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The definition of "kissing molars (KMs)" refers a condition in which two or more permanent mandibular impacted molars are in a tight contact between the respective occlusal surfaces inside the same follicle and the roots oriented in opposite directions. With the following article, we report the diagnosis and management of this condition in three cases (found in two patients). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the last few years, two female patients (14 and 41 years old) were sent to our attention by their respective dentists for consultancy. In the 14 years old patient (patient 1), diagnosis of left KMs condition between the third and fourth mandibular molars was made and the surgical extraction was performed. In the 41 years old patient (patient 2) that reported previous dysesthesia symptoms at the left mid-facial part, diagnosis of KMs condition between third and fourth mandibular molars bilaterally was made and only on the left side it was performed the surgical extraction while for the other side it was planned an annual clinical follow-up. RESULTS: There were no complications in the post-operative course in patient 1. Patient 2 also had no complications in the post-operative course and one month after the surgery reported the lack of the symptoms described in the history. CONCLUSIONS: Different are the hypothesis that several authors proposed to explain this condition: aberration in the position of the germ and bone loss theory (bone reabsorbtion due to a cyst with consequent rotation of both the molars) are two of them. The KMs phenomenon is part of the dental inclusion pathology but there is still not a good comprehension, in the literature, of the etiological factors that cause it.

This thesis represents an effort to evaluate the socialist reforms Hugo Chávez has implemented in Venezuela since his ascent to the Presidency in 1998. In order to understand Chávez’s ideologies, the initial chapters of this thesis put Venezuela’s political and economic problems into social and historical perspective. As a result of European colonialism and a series of oppressive dictatorships, Hugo Chávez inherited a society characterized by massive poverty and substantial disenfranchisement of a significant minority of the population. This research also outlines the major biographical events that shaped Hugo Chávez into the leader he is today. Born into poverty, many analysts argue that Chávez’s policies and aspirations have psychological as well as historical roots. Finally, the research focuses on the domestic and foreign policies of President Chávez. Domestically, this research analyzes constitutional and social reforms he has implemented; in addition, it analyzes the impact of the 2002 coup attempt and oil strike. These events moved Chávez to adopt policies that were even more radical than those preceding the coup and the strike. In Chapter Five, the thesis closely examines and evaluates President Hugo Chávez’s anti-capitalist foreign policies, especially his nation’s relationship with the United States of America and the administration of President W. George Bush. Ultimately, this thesis makes an assessment of the impact of the cumulative actions Chávez has made throughout his presidency.