Carl J. Friedrich’s scientific contributions

... Así como Hobbes, Isaiah Berlin (1988/1958, entre muchos otros pensadores contemporáneos, basará su concepto de libertad en el de los estoicos. En primer lugar, va a discurrir sobre la libertad negativa, que es definida como ausencia de impedimentos en la acción por otros hombres a partir de una coerción "deliberada de otros seres humanos dentro del ámbito en que yo podría actuar si no intervinieran" (p. ...

Reference:

Libertad y justicia social para el cambio social. Teorias y conceptos vol. 2

... Some scholars consider violent state repression to be a constitutive feature of particular regime types, so that some of them by definition are more repressive than others. For example, Linz (2000) includes the amount of violence by the government and its agents in his well-known distinction between democracies, authoritarian regimes, and totalitarian regimes (see also Arendt 1958;Friedrich and Brzezinski 1965;Merkel 2010). Other studies employ more minimalist conceptions of regime types that primarily distinguish them from each other by their method of access to political power. ...

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More violent state repression in hybrid regimes?

... Authoritarian regimes face challenges when trying to collect information on popular discontent (Friedrich and Brzezinski 1965;Wintrobe 1998). The fundamental problem is the inability of dictatorships to overcome preference falsification, which involves citizens publicly declaring their support for the regime, while being privately opposed to it. ...

Reference:

The Functions of Letters to the Editor in Reform-Era Cuba

... The term "ideology" tends to be equated with the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and understood as a profession of strict faith (Laruelle 2016, 277-278). For example, scholars like Friedrich and Brzezinski (1956), Linz (1964Linz ( , 2000, Arendt (1973), and Kneuer (2017), 2) view ideology as a unique feature of totalitarian regimes distinguishing them from other autocracies. In this view, totalitarian regimes embrace ideologies to develop a utopian promise and to immunize themselves from any type of reality check (Dukalskis and Gerschewski 2018). ...

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Dissecting Putin’s regime ideology

... Constitutions have been the subject of extensive research for centuries. [12][13][14]17] As a legal form for the organization of society, constitutions have a relationship with fundamental international instruments. For this reason, a broader notion of European law should be used when describing constitutional amendments. ...

Reference:

Relations Between European Law and Taxation in Bulgaria

... Dass dem tatsächlich so ist, zeigt sich nicht nur an der in der archäologischen Fachwelt einigermaßen weit verbreiteten Aversion gegen ‚Hobbyarchäologen' 31 und ‚alternative' bzw. ‚Pseudoarchäologen' (Baumann 2018;Renfrew 2006, xvi) (Friedrich & Brzeziński 1965;Kielmannsegg 1974;Popper 1980). ...

Reference:

Kulturgüterschutz und Rechtsmissbrauch. Archäologische Denkmalpflege 3, 2020, 30-85.