Caridad Anay Cala-Montoya’s research while affiliated with Universidad de Oriente and other places

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Publications (5)


Housing situation of older adults in a vulnerable neighborhood in Santiago de Cuba. Differences based on skin color, gender and age
  • Article

October 2024

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5 Reads

Housing Care and Support

Caridad Anay Cala-Montoya

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Rodolfo Hernández-Despaigne

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Purpose The Cuban population is going through a process of demographic change and accelerated aging, which, together with a difficult economic situation, places the older adults in a complex economic reality, especially in the most vulnerable communities. This paper aims to analyze the housing situation of the older adults in a vulnerable community in Santiago de Cuba during a period of particular economic difficulty. Design/methodology/approach The study analyzes the housing situation of a sample of people over 60 years of age ( n = 325) in a vulnerable community in the city of Santiago de Cuba. A structured interview was used for data collection. Findings The results show that most of the people over 60 years of age interviewed considered their homes to be in a poor state of repair. A significant part of the homes were built with precarious materials and had cracked walls, leaks, problems with the functioning of the toilet, broken pipes, etc. In addition, most of the houses were poorly equipped, with a large number of them lacking refrigerators, cell phones or computers or other electrical appliances (heater, shower, stove, etc.). Women, people with black skin and people over 75 years of age were in a particularly precarious housing situation. Social implications Demographic changes and the expected aging of the population in Cuba mean that meeting the needs of the older adults is expected to become increasingly complex. The design of public policies and administrative management should take into consideration the housing needs of people over 60 years of age in vulnerable communities, with special attention to women, racialized people and older adults. Originality/value The research was conducted based on the information provided by a particularly vulnerable group in Cuba (older adults), about which there is limited information available, and the data were collected during a particularly challenging time for the Cuban economy: the post-COVID-19 pandemic period. The challenges of conducting research of this nature in Cuba and the period during which data collection took place form the basis of the originality of this manuscript.


Economic situation, sources of income and coverage of basic needs among older adults in a vulnerable community in Cuba

August 2024

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19 Reads

Journal of Poverty and Social Justice

The Cuban population is going through a process of demographic change and accelerated ageing which, together with a difficult economic situation, places older adults in a particularly complex situation, especially in those vulnerable communities. The study analyses the economic situation, sources of income, and coverage of basic needs of a sample of people over 60 years of age (n = 325) from a vulnerable community in the city of Santiago de Cuba. The community had an inadequate urban structure and a high amount of solid and liquid waste in the streets, and its inhabitants had limited economic resources. A structured interview was used for data collection. The results show that the persons over 60 years of age who were interviewed had extremely low incomes, despite resorting to multiple strategies to try to obtain economic resources. A high percentage reported a lack of income to meet their needs, including such essential needs as food, housing, and health care. In relation to these issues, women and people over 75 years of age were particularly vulnerable. Decision makers need to take into account the needs of older adults in vulnerable communities when implementing social care policies and strategies, paying special attention to the most vulnerable groups such as women or older people.


Stressful life events among women living homeless in Nicaragua, a low‐income country

August 2022

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17 Reads

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1 Citation

Journal of Community Psychology

Nicaragua is one of the lowest income countries in Latin America, where there is a shortage of data on women living homeless. This paper analyses the types, timing and perceived causality of stressful life events (SLE) suffered both during childhood and adolescence and throughout life by women living homeless (n = 30). A structured interview was used to collect the data. Findings showed that women living homeless in Nicaragua suffered a very high number of SLEs, and that these were extremely severe and from very early ages. Most of the SLEs took place before the women became homeless. The SLEs suffered by the women interviewed in Nicaragua were largely similar to those seen in women living homeless in other cultural contexts with higher incomes, although it should be noted that those interviewed in Nicaragua had suffered a higher number of SLE during their childhood and adolescence. The women interviewed mainly attributed finding themselves homeless to having suffered SLEs in the family environment. The suffering of multiple and severe SLEs, largely leading to living in socioeconomically disadvantaged situations, seem to present a significant vulnerability factor both for becoming homeless and remaining homeless over time.


The vulnerability of women living homeless in Nicaragua: A comparison between homeless women and men in a low‐income country
  • Article
  • Full-text available

December 2021

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110 Reads

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10 Citations

Journal of Community Psychology

This article takes a gender perspective approach to a series of issues that may affect the vulnerability of people in a homeless situation in Nicaragua, focusing particularly on women. The study was completed using data obtained from two similarly-sized samples, one of homeless men (n = 32) and the other of homeless women (n = 30). The information was gathered using a structured interview. Results show that there are key similarities in the situation and characteristics of both men and women living homeless in Nicaragua. Results also support the thought that women living homeless – some with dependent children to care for – are in a situation of particular vulnerability, suffering violence, a greater need to find safe places to stay, greater “revolving door to homelessness,” more barriers to finding work and more sex work. The analysis of the issues differentiating men from women may be of use in driving forward public policies and social care resources adapted to the specific characteristics and needs of these women and their children. As can be taken from this paper, people living homeless in low-income and high-income countries share a number of similar circumstances, which in turn could facilitate a global approach to the problem.

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Educational social policy and school violence: gaps in their attention

January 2020

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20 Reads

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1 Citation

Revista Innova Educación

The present work sends a critical analysis to the Cuban educational social policy, in the treatment of school violence, with a view to its improvement and to make visible this problem. The proposed research takes triangulation as a methodological strategy and assumes the basic secondary education of the Santiago de Cuba municipality as empirical references for its development. From the analysis of the results it is highlighted that, although the country is on a clear path towards the visibility of this scourge, the nullity of the term in the ministerial decrees and resolutions of the educational policy favors its ignorance. In it, the tangential approaches to the subject are limited to students' antisocial behaviors and their contexts of vulnerability; leaving out the rest of the actors involved in its construction. Likewise, in the development of strategies for their attention, the alienating participation of retail groups distant from school reality tends to prevail, and they swarm fissures in the training guidelines that are implemented.

Citations (2)


... According to the study by Wilson and his colleagues [18], these women have difficulty accessing appropriate medical care. Furthermore, women experiencing homelessness face challenges such as prostitution [13], deteriorating health during pregnancy [19], and stressful life events [20]. ...

Reference:

Contradictions hindering the provision of mental healthcare and psychosocial services to women experiencing homelessness in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: service providers’ and programme coordinators’ experiences and perspectives
Stressful life events among women living homeless in Nicaragua, a low‐income country
  • Citing Article
  • August 2022

Journal of Community Psychology

... There is a need for more research to be conducted in other high-income countries, as well as lowand middle-income countries. Data from diverse countries is needed as contextual factors heavily influence homelessness, including cultural norms, institutional policies and practices, and availability of resources and interventions (Smartt et al., 2019;Vázquez et al., 2022). In addition, most studies did not report the sexual orientation of their participants; among those that did, most were heterosexual. ...

The vulnerability of women living homeless in Nicaragua: A comparison between homeless women and men in a low‐income country

Journal of Community Psychology