C.W. Deyoe’s research while affiliated with Kansas State University and other places

Nutritional quality and physical conditions were used to evaluate grain sorghum damaged by either the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) or by nontoxin-producing fungi. Experimental treatments were: 1) control 04.0% moisture), 2) lesser grain borer (LGB) (14% moisture with initial infestation of 4.5 adults/lb of grain) and 3) fungal (Fungal) (15.5% moisture). Control grain was used to formulate a 17% crude protein diet. The remaining dietary treatments were formulated by replacing the control grain with the two damaged grains on a weight basis. Forty-five female Yorkshire and 12 crossbred male pigs, with an average initial weight of 22 lb were used in growth (35 days) and metabolism studies, respectively. Results indicated sirnilar average daily gains and digestibilities for the two types of damaged grain when compared with the control. Pigs fed the diet containing the insect-damaged grain showed an 18% poorer feed conversion rate and a 21% higher average daily feed consumption during the 14 to 35-day interval. Throughout the feeding study, the diet containing the fungal-damaged grain sorghum resulted in feed conversion and average daily feed consumption similar to pigs fed the control diet. Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 1984

A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two grain sources (corn or sorghum grain), two processing methods (hammer mill or roller mill), and two particle sizes (fine and coarse) on performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Each grain was ground through a hammer mill with either a 1/8" (fine) or a 1/4" (coarse) screen. Average daily gain was not influenced by particle size, grain source or method of processing. Feed intake tended to increase as particle size increased, with the lowest feed intake on the fine particle size hammer-milled diet. Feed conversion improved as particle size decreased with both grain sources. Digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen and energy improved as particle size decreased with both corn and sorghum grain. Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 10, 1983

Summary The effects of a steam-pelleted corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of 146 pigs were examined. Pelleting variables were closely monitored during processing. Treatments in- cluded (1) mash, (2) mash with 2.5% molasses replacing corn, (3) dry-pelleted mash, (4) steam-petleted mash and (5) mash with 2.5% liquified corn. Growth and digestibility trials were conducted with weanling (8.5 kg) and grower-finisher (48.0 kg) pigs. Steam condition- ing before pelleting made pellets more durable and resulted in less starch damage and less consumption of electrical energy than did dry pelleting. Steam acted as a lubricant between the mash and die hole surface. More than 70% of the energy required for steam pelleting was used to generate steam. None of the processing methods studied improved (P

Summary One hundred and fourteen pigs were used to study a steam-pelleted and extrusion-cooked diet containing 15% wheat middlings. Pellet- ing variables were closely monitored during processing. Treatments included (1) mash, (2) dry-pelleted mash, (3) steam-pelleted mash and (4) corn and wheat middlings extruded before steam pelleting. Growth and digestibility trials were conducted with weanling (15.5 kg) and grower-finisher (46 kg) pigs and a preference trial was conducted with 27.9-kg pigs. Steam conditioning before pelleting resulted in more durable pellets, less starch damage and reduced consumption of electrical energy compared with dry pelleting. More total energy was required to steam pellet than to dry pellet when energy required to generate steam was con- sidered. Pellet production rate was increased by steam conditioning of the mash before pelleting. More than 70% of the energy required for steam pelleting was used to generate steam. The extrusion process resulted in extensive gelatinization of corn and wheat middling starch granules. All processing methods im- proved (P

A poultry layer-diet was used in experiments to determine the effects of steam-conditioning level on pelleting variables. Dry pelleting was compared with steam conditioning (to 65 and 80° C) before pelleting, at both constant and maximum production rates. Samples were obtained before and after conditioning, and after pelleting. Electrical energy used by the pellet mill was measured with a watt-hour meter, and the amount of steam used for conditioning was calculated using steam tables. Temperature rise of the meal being extruded through the die and electrical energy required to pellet showed that steam decreased mechanical friction during pelleting. Pellet durability and percentage of fines from the scalper showed that steam improved pellet quality. Pressing the mash through the pellet die caused more starch damage during dry pelleting than during steam pelleting. Starch was not damaged during the steam-conditioning process. Total energy required for pelleting (electrical plus steam) was highest for the 80° C treatment. However, steam conditioning allows increased production rates and improved pellet durability during handling and transportation of finished feeds.

Using 128 crossbred pigs with an average initial weight of 18.3 Kg, we determined the effect that insect- and fungal-damaged sorghum would have on the pigs' performance. No differences were found in daily feed consumption for any treatment during a 28-day feeding trial. Average daily gains and feed efficiencies were similar to those of the control for pigs fed grain sorghum that had been damaged by lesser grain borer; red beetle; a mixture of lesser grain borer, flat grain beetle, and indian meal moth, or Aspergilas Candidus. Pigs fed grain sorghum damaged by rice weevil showed lower average daily gains and a higher feed-to-gain ratio than did the controls. Aspergilas Glaucus-damaged grain showed similar ADG, but a significantly poorer F/G during the first 14 days, but not during the second half of the study. Even though insect damaged grain appears to be nutritionally adequate rather significant losses of dry matter and energy are sustained when grain sorghum is allowed to go out of condition. Up to 6% of the gross energy and approximately 5% of the crude protein content was lost to infestation or fungal invasion. Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 12, 1981

One hundred forty, three-week old weanling pigs were used to evaluate the effects of feeding a heat-processed, predigested liquid diet. In Trial I, pigs were randomly allotted to a dry crumbled diet or a processed liquid diet. The basal corn-soybean meal diet contained 20% protein. A preference trial and a digestion trial were also conducted using the same treatments. A second feeding trial was conducted using a basal diet which contained 30% whey. Treatments consisted of a dry meal diet, a dry meal + water diet, and a processed liquid diet. Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 9, 1978

One hundred forty-six pigs were used to study the effects of steam pelleting a corn-soybean meal diet on pig performance. Treatments included ground meal, meal steam conditioned to 80 C (176 ̊F) before pelleting, meal pelleted without steam conditioning, and a meal diet with 2% molasses replacing corn. Steam-conditioning the meal before pelleting resulted in less starch damage, and less electrical energy was required for pelleting. Pellet durability was considerably increased with steam conditioning. None of the processing methods studied caused significant (P<.05) improvement in daily gain, feed efficiency, or energy digestibility for weanling pigs. A significant improvement (P<.05) over the control diet in feed efficiency and energy digestibility, was found with either pelleting treatment for grower-finisher pigs. However, daily gain was not significantly (P<.05) improved. Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 9, 1978

Swine Industry Day 1972 is known as Swine Day 1972 Two experiments involving 66 finishing pigs were conducted to determine the feeding value of a wheat protein concentrate. Pigs fed diets containing as much as 60% wheat protein concentrate consumed the same quantity of feed, gained at the same rate, and were just as efficient in feed utilization as pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the diet containing 96.1% wheat protein concentrate consumed less feed and gained significantly slower (P<.05) than pigs fed the control diet. Extrusion processing of the wheat protein concentrate gave no beneficial effect on feed intake, daily gain or feed required per unit of gain. It appears that up to 60% wheat protein concentrate may be used in finishing pig diets with no adverse effects. Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 2, 1972