C Shiff’s research while affiliated with McGill University and other places

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Publications (1)


Table 1 : Incidence and effects of selected diseases In developing countries (excluding China) Estimated number of: 
Table 3 : Expected reduction In morbidity and mortality from Improved water and sanitation for selected dlseases 
Table 4 : Expected reduction In dlarrhoeal dleae mor- bidity from Improvements In one or more components of water and sanItatlon 
Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma
  • Literature Review
  • Full-text available

February 1991

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858 Reads

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1,174 Citations

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

S.A. Esrey

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L Roberts

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C Shiff

A total of 144 studies were analysed to examine the impact of improved water supply and sanitation facilities on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. These diseases were selected because they are widespread and illustrate the variety of mechanisms through which improved water and sanitation can protect people. Disease-specific median reduction levels were calculated for all studies, and separately for the more methodologically rigorous ones. For the latter studies, the median reduction in morbidity for diarrhoea, trachoma, and ascariasis induced by water supplies and/or sanitation was 26%, 27%, and 29%, respectively; the median reduction for schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis was higher, at 77% and 78%, respectively. All studies of hookworm infection were flawed apart from one, which reported a 4% reduction in incidence. For hookworm infection, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis, the reduction in disease severity, as measured in egg counts, was greater than that in incidence or prevalence. Child mortality fell by 55%, which suggests that water and sanitation have a substantial impact on child survival. Water for personal and domestic hygiene was important in reducing the rates of ascariasis, diarrhoea, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Sanitation facilities decreased diarrhoea morbidity and mortality and the severity of hookworm infection. Better water quality reduced the incidence of dracunculiasis, but its role in diarrhoeal disease control was less important than that of sanitation and hygiene.

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Citations (1)


... 2005) (Wardlaw, T., Salama, P., Brocklehurst, C., Chopra, M., Mason 2010), (Kumar & Subita 2013), (Alemayehu et al. 2014), (Qasim et al. 2014), (Upadhyay et al. 2015), (Currie & Rossin-Slater 2013), (Acharya et al. 2015), (Bern et al. 1992) and (Black RE, Morris SS 2003). Effect of sanitation system and treatment of waste is discussed by (Esrey et al. 1991), (Edejer et al. 2005), ) and (Waddington & Snilstveit 2009) among many others, flush toilets have pronounceable effect on reducing diarrhoea risk for children. Effect of poor housing and environmental conditions in children health is considered early by many researcher including (R.M. & D'Souza 1997) and (Ferng & Lee 2002). ...

Reference:

Effect of Improving Housing Conditions on Early Childhood Health in Rural Sudan
Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma

Bulletin of the World Health Organization