C. Scott Watson's research while affiliated with University of Leeds and other places

... Since no specific flood vulnerability functions are developed for the study area, we adopt the depth-damage functions of the global flood depth-loss model developed by the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Commission (Huizinga et al., 2017). More sophisticated analytical flood fragility and vulnerability functions, which propagate uncertainties in the hazard-dependent failure of building components and associated repair and replacement costs (e.g., Nofal et al., 2020;Nofal and van de Lindt, 2021), would require detailed component-level vulnerability information that is not available for this study. ...

... Some of these redevelopments fell within the 'Industrial commercial and transport units' class ( Figure 3c) and were linked to commercial developments (e.g., Figure 4b). Greenspace distribution in cities is becoming increasingly valued for a range of societal and environmental benefits [75][76][77]. Against a backdrop of urban sprawl and redevelopment, our analysis identified urban greening, which could otherwise be masked within a general trend of urbanization and greenspace depletion, e.g., [52]. This analysis also offers a simple method of updating exposure datasets where ages are assigned to built-up areas, e.g., [15], since ~26% of Bishkek's built-up area classified in 1979 was observed to have redeveloped. ...

... Cities such as Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan) in the Tien Shan Mountain range, Central Asia, are exposed to high seismic risk [16,[32][33][34] (Figure 1a). A future earthquake in Bishkek could lead to thousands of fatalities and require hundreds of millions of dollars in rebuilding costs [33,35]. Bishkek is expanding horizontally towards active faults and vertically through high-rise developments. ...

... Disaster risk reduction strategies require an understanding of the exposure and vulnerability of people and assets to hazards [14]. For example, details of building structure including age, construction method and material, and height, are key information for modeling disaster risk in seismically active regions [4,[15][16][17]. The automatic mapping of 2D urban growth using satellite data and image classification techniques is now widespread, e.g., [18,19]; however, retrieving the building-level 3D structure of a city generally requires expensive aerial imagery or light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys [20,21] or high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) [22]. ...

... (Wang & Shen, 2020). Focal mechanisms are the results of body-wave modeling compiled by Wimpenny and Watson (2020) and provided by Sloan et al. (2011). The colors in the beach balls show the centroid depth (Sloan et al., 2011;Wimpenny & Watson, 2020). ...

... Using Sentinel-1's 12-day revisiting time, the data set of this study constituted 2020 InSAR pairs for contextual understanding related to soil moisture, vegetation, and local roughness. To avoid processing accuracy issues described in Section 3, we used the data products available in the Looking Into Continents from Space with Synthetic Aperture Radar (LiCSAR) repository [53], which has preprocessed 90 m resolution InSAR products. ALOS-2 is a satellite mission launched in 2014 with capabilities for land cover/use mapping, environmental change, and geomorphic feature tracking [54]. ...