C. J.-P. l'Huillier’s research while affiliated with École Polytechnique and other places

... It has been reported earlier that the localized defect with paramagnetic contribution can be achieved by acid treatment and electron irradiation. 58,59 For 2D graphene materials, it is clear from previous results that the acid functionalization increases the defects, altering the graphene sheets and density of state (DOS) at the Fermi level. Various theoretical studies suggest that for zigzag-type 2D layers, an edge inherited state with a non-bonding p-electron feature occurs around the Fermi energy level. ...

Reference:

Synthesis and characterization of catalytic CVD growth pristine and functionalized MWCNT

... By irradiation of CNTs in addition to simple point defects, some more complicated defects can be created (Krasheninnikov and Nordlund, 2010); for example, an inter-shell covalent bond formed by two dangling bonds in a vacancy in the adjacent shell of a CNT (Krasheninnikov and Nordlund, 2010). Several experiments showed that ion (Kim et al., 2005;Raghuveer et al., 2004Raghuveer et al., , 2006Wei et al., 2003;Stahl et al., 2000), electron (Song et al., 2011;Teweldebrhan and Balandin, 2009;Salvetat et al., 2005;Banhart et al., 2005;Kiang et al., 1996;Urita et al., 2005;Banhart and Ajayan, 1996), and high energy photon (Bibi et al., 2018;Ahmad Daud et al., 2017;Xia et al., 2016;Ansón-Casaos et al., 2014;Skakalova et al., 2003Skakalova et al., , 2004 irradiation may be applied in modifying the electronic (Wei et al., 2003;Stahl et al., 2000;Kholmanov et al., 2015;Gómez-Navarro et al., 2005), properties of nanostructured carbon materials (Krasheninnikov and Nordlund, 2010;Vatankhah et al., 2019). Energetic electrons can induce a variety of structural modifications in the CNTs, and perpendicularly incident electrons can induce the lateral ejection of carbon atoms, resulting in creating Stone-Wales (SW) defects on the honeycomb lattice (Kotakoski et al., 2011;Fujita et al., 2012). ...

Reference:

Raman spectroscopy of electron irradiated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube for dosimetry purposes