C Elberling's research while affiliated with William Demant Holding and other places

Publications (77)

Article
Full-text available
Validating hearing-aid fittings in prelingual infants is challenging because typical measures (aided audiometry, etc.) are impossible with infants. One objective alternative uses an aided auditory steady-state response (ASSR) measurement. To make an appropriate measurement, the hearing aid’s signal-processing features must be activated (or deactiva...
Article
Full-text available
Objective: The aims were to 1) establish which of the four algorithms for estimating residual noise level and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) perform better in terms of post-average wave-V peak latency and amplitude errors and 2) determine whether SNR or noise floor is a better stop criterion where the outcome me...
Article
The relationship between the calibration RETSPL-values (reference equivalent threshold sound pressure level) in dB p-p.e.SPL and the corresponding sound pressure levels in dB SPL for brief stimuli is formulated mathematically. The formula is applied on ten brief stimuli consisting of a click, four tone-bursts, a chirp, and four octave-band chirps p...
Article
Background: Upward chirps are often designed to compensate for the cochlear traveling wave delay which is regarded as independent of stimulation level. A chirp based on a traveling wave model is therefore referred to as a level-independent chirp. Another compensation strategy, for instance based on frequency-specific auditory brainstem response (A...
Article
Objective: To establish reference hearing threshold levels for chirps and frequency-specific chirps. Design: Hearing thresholds were determined monaurally for broad-band chirps and octave-band chirps using the Etymotic Research, ER-3A insert earphone. The chirps were presented using two repetition rates, 20 and 90 stimuli/s, and with alternating...
Article
Recently it has been demonstrated that auditory brainstem responses, ABRs, to chirps are larger with the ER-2 than with the ER-3A insert earphone due to differences between the corresponding amplitude-frequency responses. Therefore a modified chirp, which equalizes the amplitude-frequency response of the ER-3A, is constructed and subsequently compa...
Article
A quantitative model is presented that describes the formation of auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to tone pulses, clicks, and rising chirps as a function of stimulation level. The model computes the convolution of the instantaneous discharge rates using the "humanized" nonlinear auditory-nerve model of Zilany and Bruce [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122,...
Article
The frequency response and sensitivity of the ER-3A and ER-2 insert earphones are measured in the occluded-ear simulator using three ear canal extensions. Compared to the other two extensions, the DB 0370 (Brüel & Kjær), which is recommended by the international standards, introduces a significant resonance peak around 4500 Hz. The ER-3A has an amp...
Article
Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) are used for both clinical and research purposes to objectively assess human hearing. A prominent feature of the transient evoked ABR is the level-dependent latency of the distinct peaks in its waveform. The latency of the most prominent peak, wave-V, is about 8 ms at a peak equivalent sound pressure level of 55 d...
Article
A recent study evaluates auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) evoked by chirps of different durations (sweeping rates) [Elberling et al. (2010). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 215-223]. The study demonstrates that shorter chirps are most efficient at higher levels of stimulation whereas longer chirps are most efficient at lower levels. Mechanisms other th...
Article
A cochlear delay model has previously been proposed for the construction of a chirp stimulus in order to compensate for the temporal dispersion in the auditory periphery. The large intersubject variability in the model data suggests that a chirp constructed from the average model data will not be able to compensate equally well for the temporal dis...
Article
Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) are recorded in ten normal-hearing adults (20 ears) in response to a standard 100 micros click and five chirps having different durations (sweeping rates). The chirps are constructed from five versions of a power function model of the cochlear-neural delay that is based on derived-band ABR latencies from N=81 nor...
Article
Several investigations on action potentials (AP) from the human cochlea show a knee-point in the amplitude function and a “jump” in the latency function in the intensity near 80 dB p.e. SPL. In the present work we report the results from recordings of AP from the earcanal in 8 normally hearing persons, in response to a click-stimulus in 2.5 dB step...
Article
The present experiment outlines the properties of human APs evoked by high frequency (8 kHz) clicks and recorded from the ear canal in normals. The input-output functions for the AP are established and compared with the corresponding 2 kHz functions: The two latency functions coincide at high-but diverge significantly at low intensities. The two am...
Article
Twenty young children, in whom evoked acoustic emissions were recorded at birth, were re-examined at the age of 4 years. None of the children showed evidence of sensorineural hearing impairment and it was possible to record a reproducible emission in all ears, which displayed normal otoscopy and tympanometry (n=9). The new recordings were compared...
Article
The Stacked ABR (auditory brainstem response) attempts at the output of the auditory periphery to compensate for the temporal dispersion of neural activation caused by the cochlear traveling wave in response to click stimulation. Compensation can also be made at the input by using a chirp stimulus. It has been demonstrated that the Stacked ABR is s...
Article
In an attempt to compensate for the temporal dispersion in the human cochlea, a chirp has previously been designed from estimates of the cochlear delay based on derived-band auditory brain-stem response (ABR) latencies [Elberling et al. (2007). "Auditory steady-state responses to chirp stimuli based on cochlear traveling wave delay," J. Acoust. Soc...
Article
This study investigates the use of chirp stimuli to compensate for the cochlear traveling wave delay. The temporal dispersion in the cochlea is given by the traveling time, which in this study is estimated from latency-frequency functions obtained from (1) a cochlear model, (2) tone-burst auditory brain stem response (ABR) latencies, (3) and narrow...
Article
The click stimulus generally used for newborn hearing screening generates a traveling wave along the basilar membrane, which excites each of the frequency bands in the cochlea, one after another. Due to the lack in synchronization of the excitations, the summated response amplitude is low. A repetitive click-like stimulus can be set up in the frequ...
Article
ASSR is a promising tool for the objective frequency-specific assessment of hearing thresholds in children. The stimulus generally used for ASSR recording (single amplitude-modulated carrier) only activates a small area on the basilar membrane. Therefore, the response amplitude is low. A stimulus with a broader frequency spectrum can be composed by...
Article
Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are expected to be useful for the objective, frequency-specific assessment of hearing thresholds in small children. To detect ASSR close to the hearing threshold, a powerful statistical test has to be applied. At present, so-called one-sample tests are used. These tests only evaluate the phase, or the phase an...
Article
Sequential application of a statistical test is usually applied in an automated auditory response detection algorithm. The sequential test strategy is very time-efficient but increases the probability of a false rejection of the null-hypothesis. For this reason, it is necessary to correct the critical test value. However, the well-known Bonferroni...
Article
Sequential application of a statistical test is usually applied in an automated auditory response detection algorithm. The sequential test strategy is very time-efficient but increases the probability of a false rejection of the null-hypothesis. For this reason, it is necessary to correct the critical test value. However, the well-known Bonferroni...
Article
An objective quantitative approach to the decision of when to stop averaging sweeps in auditory brain-stem response (ABR) testing is presented. This decision is based on (1) the knowledge of the amplitude distributions of wave V in the ABRs of normal hearing individuals for varying stimulus levels, (2) calculated estimates of the residual backgroun...
Article
The nature of the residual background noise in ABR averages was empirically examined in normal hearing objects. The residual noise in the average was estimated with use of the technique described by Elberling and Don [Scand. Audiol. 13, 187-197 (1984)]. Low-level click stimuli were presented in 2-dB steps spanning the range from 30 to 48 dB p-p.e....
Article
Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAE) were recorded in 28 subjects with mild to moderate flat or steeply sloping cochlear hearing loss. We used the same equipment and recording technique as previously employed in the testing of newborns. A rescaling and subtraction procedure was implemented in an attempt to eliminate the tail of the stimulus a...
Article
The cochlear and retrocochlear hearing function was evaluated in patients with long- and short-term insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by means of psychoacoustic testing and auditory brain stem responses (ABR). Twenty patients with diabetic microangiopathy (median age 41 years, range 25-66 years) were examined. The median duration of their...
Article
Twenty young children, in whom evoked acoustic emissions were recorded at birth, were re-examined at the age of 4 years. None of the children showed evidence of sensorineural hearing impairment and it was possible to record a reproducible emission in all ears, which displayed normal otoscopy and tympanometry (n = 9). The new recordings were compare...
Article
Evoked acoustic emissions were recorded from both ears in a series of 100 consecutive normal newborns. We used the same stimulus, a 2-kHz click, and recording technique as previously described. Analysis of the data showed that evoked emissions could be identified in all ears, except one at 70 dBaud (i.e. approximately 30 dB nHL). No significant dif...
Article
Auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) were recorded from ten normal-hearing subjects in response to 100-microseconds clicks from a TDH 49 earphone at a rate of 48 pps and at levels randomly varied in 2-dB steps between 34 and 52 dB p.e. SPL. At each level, 10 000 epochs were averaged with use of a weighted concept and a running estimate was made of...
Article
Previously obtained data characterizing the auditory brainstem response near the threshold for detection in 10 normal-hearing subjects are used to evaluate the detection method applied. The basic detection formula is described in terms of rates of true positive and false positive ABR detection and in combination with the normative ABR values used t...
Article
A retrospective analysis has been carried out on the auditory brainstem responses obtained in 235 female and 249 male neurologically normal patients. The analysis is focused on the wave latencies and the I-V and I-III intervals are compared with the classification parameters sex, age and high-frequency hearing loss. Since age and hearing loss are c...
Article
Stimulated acoustic emissions were recorded in response to tonal stimuli at 60 dB p.e. SPL in a small group of normal-hearing adults. Power spectral analysis reveals that the evoked activity from each ear contains energy in preferential frequency bands and the change of stimulus frequency has only a minor effect on the power spectra, i.e. the maxim...
Article
The present paper describes a new method to estimate the auditory brainstem response when the electrical activity from the recording electrodes displays non-stationarity, i.e. varies between low and high levels. The method is based on a statistical approach called Bayesian inference and weights the individual components (here blocks of 250 sweeps)...
Article
In its clinical use, the auditory brainstem responses, ABR, are recovered from the background noise by averaging a number of post-stimulus time epochs, sweeps. Normally, the test protocol prescribes a fixed number of sweeps to be employed and recording of replications is frequently recommended, too. Since both the ABR and the background noise diffe...
Article
Detection of an auditory brainstem response, ABR, usually relies on visual evaluation of two or more data acquisition runs of a fixed number of sweeps to determine if there is sufficient replication of the averaged waveforms to indicate a response. Visual interpretation can be difficult when the signal-to-noise ratio is poor because of either a sma...
Article
Stimulated acoustic emissions were recorded in a consecutive series of 20 full-term and otherwise normal neonates with the equipment and method previously used in adults. One ear randomly chosen was tested in each baby, and otoscopy and tympanometry were normal in all ears. A 2 kHz click stimulus was presented with a repetition rate of 10/sec and t...
Article
Frequency glides from a continuous tone have been shown to produce activity from the human cortex that can be recorded as time-varying magnetic fields outside the scalp in the same way as simpler auditory stimuli such as clicks and tone bursts. Data analysis has been based on a model assuming an equivalent current dipole localized close to the skul...
Article
Auditory evoked cortical magnetic fields are recorded from human subjects by means of a SQUID gradiometer. The spatial and temporal distributions of the averaged evoked fields normal to the surface of the skull are measured from both hemispheres in response to contra- and ipsilateral 1 kHz stimulation. The evoked magnetic response can be separated...
Article
Invalid BC determinations may be responsible for many diagnostic misinterpretations in the classification of low-frequency hearing losses. To reduce the influence from harmonic distortion, BC thresholds are determined during simultaneous, ipsilateral HP masking and composed with the conventionally obtained BC thresholds. Based on normative data a c...
Article
Using signal averaging technique, stimulated acoustic emissions can be recorded from the human ear with a probe in the external ear canal. An acoustic click stimulus was used, produced by half a sinusoid of 2 kHz with the polarity corresponding to the rarefaction mode. A number of different techniques were developed in order to evaluate the latency...
Article
The late, acoustically evoked, averaged magnetic field from the right hemisphere of the human brain is composed of two signals. One is dominant, appears generated by an equivalent current dipole within or near the primary auditory cortex and shows a frequency dependent location and/or orientation (tonotopical organization). The other, denoted the '...
Article
Full-text available
The auditory high-pass masking technique has been used in attempts to define the origin, along the cochlear partition, of the gross cochlear action potential (CAP) and the gross brain stem potential. Theoretically, the high-pass masking paradigm should be frequency and location specific at the cochlear level, and some indirect evidence does point t...
Article
Click-evoked acoustic emissions were recorded in 10 normally hearing young adults and evaluated by methods previously described. Five of the subjects were tested on both ears. A clear response could be traced down to or below the psychoacoustic threshold in all ears. However, the response pattern differed significantly from one ear to another, yiel...
Article
Experimental results on late auditory evoked magnetic fields from the right side of the human brain are presented. It is shown that the results can be described by means of a source model consisting of a single, equivalent current-dipole with a dipole moment of ~ 10-8 A m and a location close to the electrode position T4 and between 10 and 25 mm be...
Article
The late averaged magnetic field evoked by contra- and ipsilateral auditory stimulation is recorded by means of a SQUID magnetometer from both hemispheres in four normally hearing, right-handed male adults. The stimuli consist of 1 kHz, 500 ms tone pulses with intensities from 5 to 85 dB HL and averaging is based on 60 sweeps. Stimulating the right...
Article
15 patients suffering from definite multiple sclerosis were studied by electrocochleography (ECochG) and brain stem electric responses (BSER), including objective analysis of the electrophysiological data. In 7 patients, both ECochG and BSER were performed, in 2 only ECochG and in 6 only BSER. Systematic deviations from normative values were found...
Article
To evaluate the usefulness of slow cortical responses (ERA) for threshold estimation in infants and young children, 83 children were investigated with combinations of pure-tone audiometry, electrocochleography (ECochG) and ERA. The deviations between ECochG/ and ERA thresholds were correlated to brain function in order to diagnose central hearing l...
Article
Among 149 children (median age 23 months, range 2-123 months) examined by ECochG, a comparison was made between pure-tone and ECochG thresholds in 53 patients. By using linear regression analysis a high correlation was found (correlation coefficient 0.92, p less than 0.0005) proving that ECochG gives valid estimates of the hearing thresholds, also...
Article
An investigation of the middle components of the auditory evoked response (10--50 msec post-stimulus) in a patient with auditory agnosia is reported. Bilateral temporal lobe infarctions were proved by means of brain scintigraphy, CAT scanning, and regional cerebral blood flow measurements. The middle components were found to be normal regarding lat...
Article
By means of a magnetic sensor, SQUID (Superconducting Quantum-Interference Device) the late acoustically evoked magnetic field was recorded from the right and left side of the skull in 5 humans in response to ipsi- and contralateral 1 kHz tone bursts at 80 dB SPL. The '100 ms' component of the magnetic field has opposite polarity on the two sides o...
Article
The authors present some typical cases showing the limits of brain stem electric response recordings. They indicate the advantage of the combined use of BSER and electrocochleography. They present and discuss the various criteria valuable for the detection of acoustic neuroma.
Article
A method for the objective analysis of acoustically evoked brain stem potentials, BSER, is proposed. Recordings from 24 patients with pure cochlear hearing losses are adjusted in amplitude and time, and used to produce normative BSER waveforms serving as templates. The cross-correlation function between the individual, adjusted BSER recording and t...
Article
3 patients with Norrie's disease were examined with electrocochleography and brain-stem-evoked responses. The examination revealed a hearing loss of pure cochlear origin with no involvement of the brain stem. The disease is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait only affecting males with unaffected female carriers. The results are thus in agreeme...
Article
To overcome some of the problems involved in the application of brain stem evoked responses (BSER) in otoneurological diagnosis an approach is developed which combines cochlear and brain stem recordings. The activity of the cochlea and brain stem generators, as seen from the far-field recording electrode, is considered to be the output from a singl...
Article
The physiological formation of the action potentials is presumed to be well-known and a method of decoding these potential is therefore based on this knowledge. The method uses the reverse process, i.e. deconvolution of the recorded AP's with a unit response, and a subsequent nonlinear transformation of the obtained waveforms (sigma PST-compound PS...
Article
An automatic method for critical band estimation from loudness summation data is presented. A mathematical model, based on a power function, is fitted to the data and the critical bandwidth is defined at the intersection of the asymptotes. The model is designed for clinical use, involving the treatment of the data from single test persons; it repre...
Article
By using a specially designed high-frequency masking technique as proposed by Teas et al. (1962) the derived AP curves from the human cochlea are established in response to our “standard” click at the intensities 95 and 75 dB p.e. SPL. The derived AP represents neural activities in response to the click used at various locations along the cochlear...
Article
By using average technique, cochlear micrc-phonics were recorded from an electrode in the ear canal, in response to 1 kHz-tone bursts, delivered via a μ-metal, magnetically shielded TDH 39 earphone in a closed acoustic system. No measurable artifacts could be recognized, either in normal ears or in deaf ears. The amplitude function is described fro...
Article
ERA permits a determination of threshold in non-medicated as well as alimemazine tartrate sedated children. This determination can be made in spite of a demonstrated 10% rate of false positive or negative responses ('misses') during the session. Non-medication is preferable because during the sedation the range of uncertainty may well exceed 30 dB...
Article
The ability to integrate acoustic energy over time, i.e. temporal integration, can be measured by short tone audiometry. Abnormal temporal integration has been considered as one of the reasons for reduced discrimination in hearing impaired ears. The results of short tone audiometry in 46 persons with presbyacusis are reported. The frequencies 500 H...
Article
The relation between stimulus duration and stimulus intensity in perception of acoustic energy generally referred to as the temporal integration, i.e. temporal summation is investigated. In previous studies a wide variety of methods has been used, and accordingly, different results have been obtained. To establish a normal material for later compar...
Article
A program using acoustically evoked neurophysiological responses recorded by signal averaging is presented. The system, also using an adaptive digital filtering, is now used in the audiology clinic for investigation of the auditory system without active cooperation of the patient. The present paper will first give the outline of the hospital comput...
Article
During binauricular stimulation with the cathode on the right and the left tragus, using d.c. constant current increasing from 0 to 1 600 μ ml;A, the velocity of the slow component of the elicited nystagmus was traced using Torok's photocell connected direct to a potentiometer writer. The speed of the slow component was found to be a linear functio...
Article
Using average technique on an IBM 1800 computer a non-surgical, clinically applicable method of recording action potentials from the cochlea is described. We obtained the components N1, N3 and N3 in response to well-defined transient sounds, which were measured with a sound probe. Also, an electropositive response is described. In response to inver...

Citations

... Table 2 summarizes the F-test statistics from the model fit to the left channel ASSR NC level data; however, highly similar results and identical synthesis could be made addressing the right channel data. The strong random effect of subject indicates significant variation among subjects, as expected (Laugesen et al., 2018). The significant factor Condition and two-way interaction in both harmonics indicates that the Inv 40 condition has a varied effect depending on the response stimulus frequency band. ...
... The spontaneous EEG data used in this study were previously recorded from 17 participants by Madsen et al. [9,10] under several recording conditions: asleep, lying still, blinking, and with head movement. No sound stimuli were delivered. ...
... The digital peak-to-peak values of the 0.8-s tones were approximately equal for the 500-and 4,000-Hz tones for both the loud and the soft tones (see Table 1). For the toneburst stimuli, we based calibration on the coupler measurements reported in Elberling and Crone Esmann [2017], which show that for 2-1-2 tonebursts of 4,000 Hz at a repetition rate of 22.1/s, approximately 13.5-dB RMS (average) should be added to the peak measurement in the digital signal. After presentation through the script used for testing, the values from a Brüel and Kjaer 2607 sound level meter, with analog input from a 4152 artificial ear, are those given in Table 1. ...
... The results showed that biting a cotton roll affected AEF response depending on the strength of the occlusal force applied. Biting significantly lowered the AEF responses of the N100 m components in the right hemisphere auditory areas 5,9,20,21) . ...
... The statistical testing is repeated as and when more samples are collected. The calculated test value is always compared with the critical test value for repeated testing developed by Stürzebecher et al., (2005). If the calculated test value reaches the critical test value, response is considered as present and the test is stopped. ...
... Evidence for a source of N100 in the supratemporal plane was obtained by Vaughan and Ritter (1970), who observed a polarity reversal in the EEG over that location when the nose was used as reference. Definitive identification of the actual locations was provided by neuromagnetic studies by Hari et al. (1980) and Bak et al. (1981). Contributions from an additional source in the temporal lobe were inferred by Wolpaw and Penry (1975) who reported statistically significant differences in the EEG waveform within the interval of 100 to 200-ms from an electrode over the vertex compared with another over temporal scalp positions T3 and T4. ...
... A The relative contribution of specific portions of the basilar membrane to a surfacerecorded response, such as the auditory brainstem response (ABR), may be revealed by the "high-pass noise/derived response" (HP/DR) technique. The HP/DR technique was originally introduced for recordings of cochlear nerve compound action potentials in animals by Teas and colleagues (Teas, Eldridge, and Davis 1962), and subsequently applied to human electrocochleographic recordings by Elberling (1974) and by Eggermont (1976) and soon after to the ABR by Don and Eggermont (1978) as well as by Parker and Thornton (1978b). Since these first reports, the HP/DR technique has proven to be an extremely valuable tool for investigation of mechanisms underlying the ABR, and, to a lesser extent, for clinical investigations. ...
... The broadband CEchirp stimulus (level independent) decomposed to a narrow-band (NB) stimulus centered at 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz (referred to as NB CE-chirp stimulus of that particular frequency). A newer level-specific (LS) CE-chirp stimulus was developed by modifying the temporal characteristics of the chirp stimulus based on observed level effects related to changes in the cochlear traveling wave delay and the upward spread of the excitation [26]. Broadband CE-chirp LS decomposed to NB stimulus centered at 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz (referred to as a NB LS CE-chirp stimulus of that particular frequency). ...
... Similarly, spike-triggered averaging has been employed to estimate the UR in cats (Kiang et al., 1976) and guinea pigs (Prijs, 1986). Elberling (1976) empirically estimated the human UR associated with an electrode placed on the TM using a masking technique to limit ANF activity to the base of the cochlea. Specifically, the average of CAPs recorded from the 8-20 kHz cochlear region of several human subjects served as an estimate of the UR after correcting for the expected traveling wave delay. ...
... On the BM, the broader filters result in broader excitation patterns, i.e. regions of the BM with characteristic frequencies further from the center-frequency of a stimulus are recruited. Elberling [6] and Folsom [7] discussed how this broadening in excitation with level results in shorter latencies as more basal regions of the BM are activated, i.e. regions with shorter implicit delays. Another inherent feature of the filter tuning is the change in the envelope of the local BM impulse response. ...