January 2001
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124 Reads
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442 Citations
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Publications (3)
![Figure 1: Variations of the Earth's surface temperature over the last 140 years and the last millennium. (a) The Earth's surface temperature is shown year by year (red bars) and approximately decade by decade (black line, a filtered annual curve suppressing fluctuations below near decadal time-scales). There are uncertainties in the annual data (thin black whisker bars represent the 95% confidence range) due to data gaps, random instrumental errors and uncertainties, uncertainties in bias corrections in the ocean surface temperature data and also in adjustments for urbanisation over the land. Over both the last 140 years and 100 years, the best estimate is that the global average surface temperature has increased by 0.6 ± 0.2°C. (b) Additionally, the year by year (blue curve) and 50 year average (black curve) variations of the average surface temperature of the Northern Hemisphere for the past 1000 years have been reconstructed from "proxy" data calibrated against thermometer data (see list of the main proxy data in the diagram). The 95% confidence range in the annual data is represented by the grey region. These uncertainties increase in more distant times and are always much larger than in the instrumental record due to the use of relatively sparse proxy data. Nevertheless the rate and duration of warming of the 20th century has been much greater than in any of the previous nine centuries. Similarly, it is likely 7 that the 1990s have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year of the millennium. [Based upon (a) Chapter 2, Figure 2.7c and (b) Chapter 2, Figure 2.20]](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Griggs-2/publication/216811760/figure/fig1/AS:669457303232513@1536622467090/ariations-of-the-Earths-surface-temperature-over-the-last-140-years-and-the-last_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2: Combined annual land-surface air and sea surface temperature anomalies (°C) 1861 to 2000, relative to 1961 to 1990. Two standard error uncertainties are shown as bars on the annual number. [Based on Figure 2.7c]](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Griggs-2/publication/216811760/figure/fig5/AS:669457303232528@1536622467456/Combined-annual-land-surface-air-and-sea-surface-temperature-anomalies-C-1861-to-2000_Q320.jpg)
January 2001
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17,778 Reads
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3,871 Citations
Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis is the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of past, present and future climate change. The report: • Analyses an enormous body of observations of all parts of the climate system. • Catalogues increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. • Assesses our understanding of the processes and feedbacks which govern the climate system. • Projects scenarios of future climate change using a wide range of models of future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. • Makes a detailed study of whether a human influence on climate can be identified. • Suggests gaps in information and understanding that remain in our knowledge of climate change and how these might be addressed. Simply put, this latest assessment of the IPCC will again form the standard scientific reference for all those concerned with climate change and its consequences, including students and researchers in environmental science, meteorology, climatology, biology, ecology and atmospheric chemistry, and policymakers in governments and industry worldwide.
January 2001
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253 Reads
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4,363 Citations
Citations (3)
... The climate has undergone significant changes [42]. Understanding the connection between temperature and predators is crucial for predicting how ecosystems respond to changing climates. ...
- Citing Article
January 2001
... Relative humidity (RH or Φ) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor (p H20 ) in the mixture to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water (p * H 2 O ) at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on the temperature and pressure of the system of interest [17][18][19][20][21]. The same amount of water vapor produces a higher relative humidity in cold air than in warm air. ...
- Citing Book
January 2001
... It is handiest seeing that the start of the Industrial Revolution, mid ar large scale, century, that the effect of human sports has started to increase to a f continental or maybe global. Human sports, mainly the ones concerning the intake of fossil fuels for commercial or home usage, and biomass burning, produce greenhouse ntific proof gases that have an effect on the composition of the surroundings [1]. Scie shows that human sports consisting of burning fossil fuels and deforestation have side the surroundings appreciably extended the percentage of greenhouse gases within during the last a hundred and fifty years [2]. ...
- Citing Chapter
- Full-text available
January 2001