Byoung Soo Kim’s research while affiliated with Pusan National University and other places

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Publications (150)


Overview of the workflow and key highlights of the proposed method. A) Rheological and numerical evaluations to optimize the properties of the supporting bioink. B) Development of a hybrid‐supporting bioink to regulate cell migration and proliferation within defined areas. C) Engineering of functional adipose units by determining their optimal diameter and spatial configuration. D) Biofabrication of an adipose module within a versatile PCL framework. E) In vivo evaluation of a Lego®‐inspired tissue assembly for skin regeneration.
Development of embedded tissue‐unit printing. A) Schematic depiction of varying geometric outcomes based on the rheological properties of supporting bioinks. B) Amplitude sweep test results for AdECM bioinks at varying concentrations (0.25–1.5%) (n = 4). C) Thixotropy test results demonstrating viscosity changes in response to rapid alterations in the shear rate at 10s and 20s (n = 4). D) Measurements of storage and loss moduli during the alternate application of low (1%) and high (1000%) shear strains (n = 4). E) Results from CFD simulations show shear rate distributions during and immediately post‐extrusion. F) Calculations of average shear rate and aspect ratio to identify the theoretical bioink concentration yielding a tissue unit with an aspect ratio of 0.95. G) Implementation of embedded tissue‐unit printing with four different concentrations (0.25%–1.5%) of supporting bioinks. H) Images showing a chamber filled with nine adipose units. I) Live/dead staining results for various concentrations of supporting bioinks. J) Semi‐quantitative analysis assessing roundness and repeatability (n = 4). n.s. denotes “not significant” (*p < 0.01).
Embedded bioprinting for creating a dense cellular environment using a hybrid supporting bioink with alginate. A) Schematic illustrating the role of alginate, which lacks cell‐adhesion peptides, in preventing cell dispersal and enhancing localized proliferation within the tissue unit. B) Effect of alginate concentration on preadipocyte distribution in hybrid supporting bioinks from Day 0 to Day 3 of culture. White and black scale bar: 400 µm. C) Quantitative analysis of cell proliferation at Days 1, 3, and 7 (n = 4). (D) Gene expression analysis for early adipogenic differentiation markers (n = 4). *p < 0.01.
Development of an embedded tissue‐unit printing method to optimize the diameter of adipose units. A) Schematic illustration showing size control through the regulation of pneumatic pressure and the occurrence of core hypoxia in oversized adipose units owing to reduced oxygen and nutrient availability. B) Precise adjustment of adipose unit size by modulating pneumatic pressure. C) Measurement of adipose unit diameters under various pneumatic pressures (n = 5). D) Visualization of differently sized adipose units, stained with a hypoxia marker. E) Quantification of fluorescent hypoxia intensity profiles across adipose units of varying sizes. F) Gene expression analysis of hypoxia‐related genes (n = 4) (n.s. indicates “not significant” (*p < 0.01)), compared to the 300 and 600 µm groups, and **p < 0.01, compared to the 900 µm group.
Morphological and functional assessment based on the arrangement of adipose units. A) Schematic illustrating the hypothesis that closer proximity between adipose units enhances adipogenic maturation through paracrine signaling. B) Microscopic images of adipose modules containing units arranged at distances of 500–2000 µm. White scale bar: 400 µm. Black scale bar: 2 mm. C) qRT‐PCR results displaying relative expression levels of adipogenic markers (PPAR‐γ and C/EBP‐α) and lipid droplet genesis markers (CAV1 and GLUT4) (n = 4). D) BODIPY staining results depicting lipid‐enriched mature adipocytes in proximal and distal groups. Scale bar (left): 100 µm. Scale bar (right): 20 µm. E) Quantitative analysis of cell number per unit area (cell density) (n = 4). F) Measurements of adipocyte diameters in proximal and distal groups (n = 4). G) Schematic representation illustrating the role of adipose tissue in regulating hormone secretion under various glycemic conditions to maintain energy balance. H) Measurements of hormone secretion levels in proximal and distal groups under hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, and hyperglycemic conditions (n = 4). n.s. represents “not significant” (*p < 0.01).

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3D Bioprinting‐Assisted Tissue Assembly of Endocrine Adipose Units for Enhanced Skin Regeneration
  • Article
  • Publisher preview available

February 2025

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10 Reads

Jae‐Seong Lee

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Minjun Ahn

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Byoung Soo Kim

Despite the growing recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, engineering it remains a challenge owing to difficulties in replicating its native structure and densely packed lipid droplets. Furthermore, integrating adipose tissue with other tissues, though critical for its endocrine function, remains underexplored, limiting the understanding of its roles in metabolic homeostasis and tissue repair. This study introduces a rapid tissue printing method that constructs adipose units by extruding preadipocyte‐laden bioink within 0.3 s using a modular polycaprolactone framework optimized through rheological and computational analyses. In standard, cell‐friendly environments, preadipocytes typically proliferate and migrate, inhibiting the formation of dense lipid droplets. To address this issue, a hybrid bioink that limits cell migration and promotes adipocyte maturation is developed. The optimal adipose unit diameter (≤ 600 µm) is calculated, with adipogenic markers evaluated in various spatial configurations. Tissue assembly integrates the adipose module and dermis module, validating its functionality as endocrine tissue. In vivo studies show that the endocrine activity of the adipose units significantly enhances wound closure, vascularization, and re‐epithelialization. These findings highlight the regenerative capabilities of the proposed tissue assembly strategy for fabricating large‐scale, multicellular, 3D composite tissues.

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3D biofabrication of diseased blood vessels and integrative in vitro–in silico strategies for mechanobiology studies. (A) Vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, aneurysms, varicose veins, and thrombosis can be initiated by carefully orchestrated cellular components, biochemical stimuli, and mechanical forces. (B) Various in vitro blood vessel modeling strategies including (a) conventional models, (b) cell sheet engineered microchannels, (c) templating microchannels, (d) microfluidics-based blood vessels, and (e) 3D bioprinted blood vessels have been proposed to investigate the physiological and pathological cues in vascular diseases. (C) Pathophysiological progression that is gradually simulated based on 2D and 3D reconstructed models, recreating anatomical, mechanical, and cellular features of the diseased blood vessels. (D) Combinatorial approaches using in vitro and in silico models to find new therapeutic breakthroughs to cure vascular diseases.
In vitro and in silico atherosclerosis models investigating underlying pathomechanisms. (A) (i) Construction of a new in vitro arteriosclerosis model from geometrically adjustable arterial equivalents designed using bath coaxial cell printing. (ii) A triple-layer arterial configuration with controlled geometries, including straight line, stenosis, and tortuous models, is achieved by programming the printing pathway and adjusting the migration velocity. (iii) The endothelial dysfunction response of the artery according to chemical and geometrical factors. [96] John Wiley & Sons. [© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH]. (B) Correlation between WSS and plaque position in advanced human carotid atherosclerosis, analyzed using an in silico model. (i) TAWSS and OSI values at the carotid bifurcation. (ii) Selection of typical histological cross-sections of necrotic core (NC), fibrin, and artifacts. (iii) Correlation analysis between TAWSS and OSI with larger areas of NC and macrophages. Reproduced from [97]. CC BY 4.0. (C) In silico and in vitro models are combined to analyze angular differences in the human coronary artery governing endothelial cell structure and function. (i) The increasing angular bifurcations of the coronary artery result in regions with low WSS and lead to alterations in the biochemical signatures of endothelial cells that experience disturbed flow. (ii) When endothelial cells are exposed to microchannels with varying bifurcation angles, eNOS expression decreases, while inflammation increases. (iii) Relationship between increasing coronary artery bifurcation angles and changes in endothelial cell morphology. Reproduced from [98]. CC BY 4.0.
In vitro and in silico aneurysm models investigating underlying pathomechanisms. (A) Realistic phantom model designed to evaluate, plan, and train procedures based on aneurysm embolization. (i) 3D printing of the cerebral artery network and vascular lesions using water-soluble resin to produce a PDMS phantom model. (ii) Integration of a cerebral aneurysm simulator with saccular dilated vascular, skull, and brain models. Reproduced from [107]. CC BY 4.0. Reproduced from [108]. CC BY 4.0. (B) Fabricating variations in geometry through the integration of in vivo and in silico methods for control over wall shear stress, as demonstrated by CFD analysis. (i) Creation of an In vitro model using PDMS casting. (ii) Distribution pattern of the WSS according to geometric variations in vascular diseases using CFD. (iii) In the vascular structure within the test tube, the endothelial expression of VCAM1 and thrombomodulin is influenced by wall shear stress. Reproduced from [111]. CC BY 4.0.
In vitro and in silico thrombosis models investigating underlying pathomechanisms. To investigate the thrombosis formation mechanisms, (A) stenotic blood vessels are constructed and (B) fluid flow patterns considering wall shear stress and flow velocity are simulated. (C) Thrombosis is observed more frequently in stenotic blood vessels than in straight vessels. Reproduced from [133]. CC BY 3.0.
3D engineering of diseased blood vessels for integrative in vitro–in silico mechanobiology study

Vascular diseases are complex conditions orchestrated by multiple factors, including cellular components, biochemical stimuli, and mechanical forces. Despite the advancement of numerous therapeutic approaches, the global mortality associated with the diseases continues to escalate owing to a lack of understanding of the underlying pathologies. Tissue engineering and computational strategies have been recently developed to investigate diseased blood vessels from multifactorial perspective, enabling more accurate prediction of disease progression and opening new avenues for preclinical advances. This review focuses on in vitro and in silico blood vessel models to elucidate the pathomechanisms of vascular diseases. Following a discussion of biofabrication and computational modeling strategies, the recent research that utilizes the models of various blood vessel diseases, such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, varicose veins, and thrombosis, are introduced. Finally, current breakthroughs, existing challenges, and outlooks in the field are described.


Light-Based 3D Bioprinting Techniques for Illuminating the Advances of Vascular Tissue Engineering

Materials Today Bio

Vascular tissue engineering faces significant challenges in creating in vitro vascular disease models, implantable vascular grafts, and vascularized tissue/organ constructs due to limitations in manufacturing precision, structural complexity, replicating the composited architecture, and mimicking the mechanical properties of natural vessels. Light-based 3D bioprinting, leveraging the unique advantages of light including high resolution, rapid curing, multi-material adaptability, and tunable photochemistry, offers transformative solutions to these obstacles. With the emergence of diverse light-based 3D bioprinting techniques and innovative strategies, the advances in vascular tissue engineering have been significantly accelerated. This review provides an overview of the human vascular system and its physiological functions, followed by an in-depth discussion of advancements in light-based 3D bioprinting, including light-dominated and light-assisted techniques. We explore the application of these technologies in vascular tissue engineering for creating in vitro vascular disease models recapitulating key pathological features, implantable blood vessel grafts, and tissue analogs with the integration of capillary-like vasculatures. Finally, we provide readers with insights into the future perspectives of light-based 3D bioprinting to revolutionize vascular tissue engineering.


Bioengineered Human Arterial Equivalent and Its Applications from Vascular Graft to In Vitro Disease Modeling

iScience

Arterial disorders such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and aneurysm pose significant health risks, necessitating advanced interventions. Despite progress in artificial blood vessels and animal models aimed at understanding pathogenesis and developing therapies, limitations in graft functionality and species discrepancies restrict their clinical and research utility. Addressing these issues, bioengineered arterial equivalents (AEs) with enhanced vascular functions have been developed, incorporating innovative technologies that improve clinical outcomes and enhance disease progression modeling. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in bioengineered AEs, systematically summarizing the bioengineered technologies used to construct these AEs, and discussing their implications for clinical application and pathogenesis understanding. Highlighting current breakthroughs and future perspectives, this review aims to inform and inspire ongoing research in the field, potentially transforming vascular medicine and offering new avenues for preclinical and clinical advances.


Figure 3. Injection of 27HC in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were injected daily with 27HC (5 mg/kg, n = 5) for 4 weeks. Whole bone marrow cells were harvested from the mice's tibias and femurs. The frequencies of BMECs and HSCs were tested using flow cytometric analysis. (A) Scheme of experiments. (B) No differences in the frequencies of LKS (Lin − Sca1 + cKit + ), hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs; Lin − Sca1 + cKit + CD48 + ), and HSCs (Lin − Sca1 + cKit + CD150 + CD48 − ) were observed after exogenous 27HC intraperitoneal injection. (C) Frequencies of total endothelial cells (ECs; CD31 + Ter119 − CD45 − ), sinusoidal bone marrow endothelial cells (sBMECs; CD31 + Ter119 − CD45 − Sca1 − ), and arteriole bone marrow endothelial cells (aBMECs; CD31 + Ter119 − CD45 − Sca1 + ) were significantly decreased by exogenous 27HC intraperitoneal injection. Data represent the mean ± SEM, unpaired t-test. *** p < 0.001.
Figure 4. Low-dose 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC) affects CD31 + bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) but not hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). CD31 + cells and CD31 − cells were sorted from mouse bone marrow cells using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) cell separation. CD31 + cells were seeded into 6-well plates with rat tail collagen type I. CD31 + and CD31 − cells were treated with 27HC (0.25 and 0.62 µM) for 48 h. The frequencies of BMECs from CD31 + cells and of HSCs from CD31 − cells were analyzed using flow cytometric analysis. (A) Schematic representation of the experiments. (B) The viability of CD31 + cells was significantly decreased by 27HC treatment, as
Antibodies for flow cytometric analysis.
27-Hydroxycholesterol Negatively Affects the Function of Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells in the Bone Marrow

September 2024

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6 Reads

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in specific microenvironments that facilitate their regulation through both internal mechanisms and external cues. Bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs), which are found in one of these microenvironments, play a vital role in controlling the self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs during hematological stress. We previously showed that 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) administration of exogenous 27HC negatively affected the population of HSCs and progenitor cells by increasing the reactive oxygen species levels in the bone marrow. However, the effect of 27HC on BMECs is unclear. To determine the function of 27HC in BMECs, we employed magnetic-activated cell sorting to isolate CD31+ BMECs and CD31− cells. We demonstrated the effect of 27HC on CD31+ BMECs and HSCs. Treatment with exogenous 27HC led to a decrease in the number of BMECs and reduced the expression of adhesion molecules that are crucial for maintaining HSCs. Our results demonstrate that BMECs are sensitively affected by 27HC and are crucial for HSC survival.


Figure 2. Immunoblots of upstream and downstream proteins of mTORC1 signaling after treatment with 27OHChol. (A) THP-1 cells were serum-starved for 24 h. The serum-starved cells were stimulated with 27OHChol (2 µg/mL) for 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min. Western blot analysis was used to detect S6, 4EBP1, and their phosphorylated forms. (B) The cells were treated with 27OHChol (2 µg/mL) in the presence of rapamycin (10 nM) for 40 min. The indicated proteins were detected by immunoblotting. (C) The serum-starved cells were treated with 27OHChol (2 µg/mL) in the presence of varying concentrations of rapamycin for 40 min. Phosphorylated and total levels of S6 and 4EBP1 were detected by immunoblotting.
Figure 3. Inhibition of 27HChol-induced CD14 expression and inflammatory response by rapamycin in THP-1 cells. Serum-starved THP-1 cells were cultured with 27OHChol in the presence of the indicated amount of rapamycin for 48 h. (A) THP-1 cells were immunostained for surface CD14 and
Figure 5. Effects of rapamycin on functional changes in monocytic cells induced by 27Hchol. Serumstarved THP-1 cells (2.5 × 10 5 cells/mL) were cultured with 27OHChol in the presence of the indicated amounts of rapamycin for 48 h or 0.25 µM of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for 24 h. The fluorescence of the cells was analyzed by flow cytometry after incubation with 0.5 mg/mL FITCconjugated dextran for 30 min. 27OHChol, 27-hydroxycholesterol; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate.
Blockade of mTORC1 via Rapamycin Suppresses 27-Hydroxycholestrol-Induced Inflammatory Responses

September 2024

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30 Reads

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the deposition and accumulation of extracellular cholesterol and inflammatory cells in the arterial blood vessel walls, and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) is the most abundant cholesterol metabolite. 27OHChol is an oxysterol that induces immune responses, including immune cell activation and chemokine secretion, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in 27HChol-induced inflammation using rapamycin. Treating monocytic cells with rapamycin effectively reduced the expression of CCL2 and CD14, which was involved with the increased immune response by 27OHChol. Rapamycin also suppressed the phosphorylation of S6 and 4EBP1, which are downstream of mTORC1. Additionally, it also alleviates the increase in differentiation markers into macrophage. These results suggest that 27OHChol induces inflammation by activating the mTORC1 signaling pathway, and rapamycin may be useful for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related inflammation involving 27OHchol.



Prediction of sensory textures of cosmetics using large amplitude oscillatory shear and extensional rheology

September 2024

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191 Reads

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1 Citation

Applied Rheology

We propose a predictive model for various sensory textures utilizing machine learning techniques based on the largest rheology and panel-tested sensory texture database ever assembled. In addition to the conventional rheological parameters typically measured in the cosmetics field, rheological parameters obtained from the large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) sequence of physical processes (SPPs) and extensional rheology analyses are employed as feature variables for the predictive model. These feature variables are chosen to mimic real flow conditions during the usage of cosmetics, such as rubbing and tapping, as they are expected to contain more information related to sensory textures. It has been demonstrated that our prediction model, based on the random forest regression algorithm, can effectively predict five sensory textures: spreadability, thickness, softness, adhesiveness, and stickiness. We investigated the rheological characteristics crucial for determining each sensory texture through permutation and feature importance analyses. The important analysis highlighted the close correlation between rheological parameters from LAOS–SPP, extensional analyses, and sensory textures. By using this correlation, we interpret the perception of each sensory texture in the context of rheology.



Citations (61)


... After allowing them to settle for 24 h, the cells were treated with 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 µM cisplatin (Sigma-Aldrich); 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µM doxorubicin (Cell Signaling); 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 µM docetaxel (Sigma-Aldrich); 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 µM paclitaxel (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY, USA); 0, 10, 30, 100, 150, 200, and 300 µM curcumin (Sigma-Aldrich); and 0, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 150 µM rucaparib (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA) in a serum-free media for 24 h. To determine cell viability, a WST-1 assay was performed as previously described [81]. All experiments were performed independently and repeated at least three times. ...

Reference:

Silencing of Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domain 8 Promotes Proliferation and Cancer Aggressiveness in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells by Activating ERK/MAPK Signaling Cascades
A Marine Collagen-Based 3D Scaffold for In Vitro Modeling of Human Prostate Cancer Niche and Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Discovery

Marine Drugs

... In recent decades, our understanding of how the human BM ages has advanced significantly, with scRNA-seq technologies providing deep insights into the heterogeneity and mechanistic evolution of HSC during aging [68][69][70][71][72] . In addition, the investigation of the aged HSC niche revealed many unanticipated changes in the BM microenvironment that contribute to the decline in HSC function over time 10,[73][74][75] . These insights positioned the BM microenvironment as a potential target for rejuvenation. ...

Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Niche in Bone Marrow

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

... It constitutes approximately one-fourth of all childhood cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children [1,2]. Leukemia originates from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells in the bone marrow, leading to an uncontrolled proliferation and infiltration of leukemic cells [3]. This type of blood cancer results from the quick proliferation of immature T and B cells and is classified into two main categories: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). ...

Leukemic Stem Cells and Hematological Malignancies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

... Cancer vasculogenesis is essential for tumor development, metastasis, and the creation of a vasculogenic environment that supports cancer growth and is a central area of study and therapy for cancers [15]. However, the complexities of this phenomenon pose significant challenges to precise modeling of the complex microenvironment, which is essential for understanding cancer development when investigated using traditional investigative techniques [16,17]. More recently, advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting present promising ways to overcome these limitations [18][19][20]. ...

Vascularization strategies for human skin tissue engineering via 3D bioprinting

International Journal of Bioprinting

... Future research could explore other mechanisms by which rare-earth nanoparticles enhance radiation sensitivity. For example, their impact on cellular repair pathways, apoptosis, and autophagy could be significant in the radiosensitization process [57][58][59][60]. Additionally, investigating the interactions between rare-earth nanoparticles and various cellular components and their effects on cellular signaling pathways could provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying radiosensitization. ...

BR101801 enhances the radiosensitivity of p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells by inducing G2/M arrest, apoptosis, and senescence in a p53-independent manner
  • Citing Article
  • December 2023

American Journal of Cancer Research

... For instance, a human brain phantom with intricate and tortuous cerebral arteries using a double-network elastic hydrogel with DLP-based 3D printing techniques [167] ( figure 3(b-i)). Extrusion-based bioprinting is frequently utilized to construct multilayered and multicellular single-vessel structures [96,160]. A mature three-layered cerebrovascular conduit comprising NPCs, BECs, and BPCs with varying curvatures was fabricated using in-bath 3D triaxial bioprinting technique [160] ( figure 3(b-ii)). ...

3D bioprinted multilayered cerebrovascular conduits to study cancer extravasation mechanism related with vascular geometry

... The popularity of colloidal suspensions can be attributed to their rich mechanical, electrical, and optical properties (Rengarajan and Mittleman 2005;Pitkowski et al. 2008;Giuseppe et al. 2012;Park et al. 2012). The fundamental origin of the intriguing properties exhibited by colloidal suspensions lies in the interparticle interactions affected by various factors, such as particle size, shape, additive, and electrolyte (Heath and Tadros 1983;Basu et al. 2007;Mukherjee and Pisupati 2016;Kim et al. 2023). Therefore, understanding the intricate properties of colloidal suspensions is predicated on a precise comprehension of the interparticle interaction. ...

Comparative study on the rheological properties of natural and synthetic graphite-based anode slurries for lithium-ion batteries
  • Citing Article
  • November 2023

Korea-Australia Rheology Journal

... In vitro skin models are receiving great attention from researchers and industries because they represent a potential alternative tool to traditional animal-based models to investigate basic skin biology as well as to study the effect of novel products [27]. Reconstructed human epidermises represent the majority of in vitro skin models; however, they lack a dermal layer and complete skin structure [28,29]. In this context, 3D bioprinting represents the most attractive biofabrication technology due to the possibility of spatial controls of cells and/or bioactive molecules laden bioink deposition using multiple printheads to produce skin models [28]. ...

3D biofabrication of diseased human skin models in vitro

... The background for our approach differs from previous Fc-containing drug delivery systems. [32][33][34][35] Key point of them is that the disassembly and degradation of ferrocene-containing polymeric particles is a prerequisite to being successful in the establishment of nanocatalytic medicine using NZs combined with the release of drugs in the treatment of diseases. [32][33][34][35] Other option is the simultaneous hydrolytic cleavage of Fc within cancerous cells to induce ferroptosis (apoptosis of cancer cells). ...

ROS-responsive PEGylated ferrocene polymer nanoparticles with improved stability for tumor-selective chemotherapy and imaging

Materials Today Bio

... While the effect sizes of these markers may be somewhat smaller compared to well-known prognostic factors such as stage and age, which have remarkably significant effect sizes, it is still considered that these markers hold statistical significance in contributing to prognosis. In addition, while there have been recent attempts in this direction, we would assert that our work is distinct in terms of identifying prognostic biomarkers independent of stage and age [29]. The association between 28 RNA biomarkers and prognosis has been statistically evaluated using public cohorts. ...

Predicting prognosis through the discovery of specific biomarkers according to colorectal cancer lymph node metastasis
  • Citing Article
  • July 2023

American Journal of Cancer Research