Brian Y. Lattimer's research while affiliated with Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and other places
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Publications (115)
Fires inside electrical cabinets are a major concern for nuclear power plant facilities representing fire in switchgear, control panels, main control boards, distribution panels, etc. The growth of these fires and the heat release rate of the fire may be dependent on several variables including cabinet size, ventilation, combustible properties, fue...
The study of firebrands has been of great interest due to the growing threat of fires along the wildland-urban interface (WUI). In previous studies, piles of smoldering firebrands from dowels were found to produce higher heat fluxes than those from branches of the same wood species and geometry. In this study, the difference in burning behavior and...
Firebrand piles are known to ignite combustible infrastructure resulting in significant damage; however, the parameters that impact the heat transfer from firebrand piles to a combustible surface are not well understood. Heat transfer from a firebrand pile is directly related to the local firebrand temperatures which can vary significantly due to c...
The fire probabilistic risk assessment framework for nuclear power plants relies on experimental data to determine expected fire behavior or to validate models to predict fire conditions in the plant. To support reducing the uncertainty in this experimental data, a research effort was conducted to identify the most frequent and challenging fire sce...
The prediction of the coal mine fire response time, defined as the remaining time before conditions at attack positions grow untenable for firefighters, plays a vital role in the decision-making process during a mine fire scenario. The knowledge of the response time along with the fire size, fire location, and arrival time could allow for the most...
This article presents a conveyor belt fire classification model that allows for the determination of the most effective firefighting strategy. In addition, the effect of belt design parameters on the fire classification was determined. A methodology that involves the use of numerical simulations and artificial neural networks was implemented. An ap...
Understanding the parameters that affect firebrand burning conditions is needed to quantify and model heat transfer from firebrands to combustible surfaces. In this research, an experimental and analytical effort was conducted to determine the variable relationships that control firebrand burning. A series of experiments were performed to quantify...
Firebrands are known to cause ignition of structures far from the primary fire front, resulting in significant damage to structures before firefighting can be attempted. To make structures more resilient to firebrand ignition, a better understanding of the heat transfer from firebrands to surfaces is needed. This paper provides a statistical assess...
Construction materials exposed to fire conditions may decompose resulting in a loss of strength as well as contributing to the growth and size of the fire. Predicting the behavior of timber and other construction materials during a fire exposure requires accurate thermal modeling of the material considering both the effects of elevated temperature...
CompositeCompositemetal foamComposite metal foams (CMF) is a novel lightweight metal matrix compositeMetal matrix composite (MMC) material with lightweight, high strength to density ratio and high energy absorption capabilities. The material can be made out of many different metals, alloys, and combinations, e.g. aluminum, steel, titanium, etc. For...
Firebrands are known to cause spot fires and structure ignition far from the fire front, but there is a limited understanding of the heat transfer from firebrands to surfaces. In this work, high resolution heat flux distributions were measured for single firebrands with different geometries using IR thermography and inverse heat transfer analysis....
Aluminum alloys undergo permanent material property degradation that results in a reduced post-fire capacity of a structure. This degradation occurs at temperatures as low as 200 °C and is a function of both exposure temperature and duration. Material models have been previously developed that account for both temperature and duration but previous...
There is a current need to provide rapid, high fidelity predictions of fires to support hazard/risk assessments, use sparse data to understand conditions, and develop mitigation strategies. Machine learning is one approach that has been used to provide rapid predictions based on large amounts of data in business, robotics, and image analysis; howev...
This paper presents a systematic study examining the variation in thermal exposure for a vertical wall without a ceiling considering a wide range of fuel geometry and fuel type parameters. A Monte-Carlo study using virtual experiments in Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS v6.2) was used to predict thermal exposure in 3,500 different scenarios. Realistic...
This paper presents a data-driven approach to predict spatially resolved temperatures and velocities within a compartment based on zero-dimensional zone fire modeling using a transpose convolutional neural network (TCNN). A total of 1333 Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) simulations of simple two-compartment configurations with different fire locations...
Current flammability requirements for interior finish materials in NFPA 130 and 49 CFR 238.103 are based on an ASTM E162 flame spread test. To better support performance based analysis, a heat release rate based requirement using ASTM E1354 cone calorimeter test data were explored in this study. The objective was to identify requirements to screen...
Modeling solid material behaviors in a fire typically requires numerous input parameters/properties that are time consuming and difficult to measure. Recently, a methodology that uses optimization techniques was developed to efficiently determine these input parameters and validated against experiments. In this study, the methodology previously dev...
There is a current need to provide rapid, high fidelity predictions of fires to support hazard/risk assessments, use sparse data to understand conditions, and develop mitigation strategies. Machine learning is one approach that has been used to provide rapid predictions based on large amounts of data in business, robotics, and image analysis; howev...
The computational cost of predicting wildland fire spread across large, diverse landscapes is significant using current models, which limits the ability to use simulations to develop mitigation strategies or perform forecasting. This paper presents a machine learning approach to estimate the time-resolved spatial evolution of a wildland fire front...
Elevated temperature exposure of 5XXX alloys causes sensitization, which leads to changes in room temperature mechanical properties and may lead to intergranular corrosion (IGC) susceptibility. The influence of sensitization and corrosion damage on the creep response of 5083-H116 at various temperatures (representative of fire damage) from 200 °C t...
The simulation of large complex dynamical systems such as a fire in road tunnels is necessary but costly. Therefore, there is a crucial need to design efficient models. Coupling of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and 1D network modeling simulations of a fire event, a multiscale method, can be a useful tool to increase the computational ef...
Large scale flammability performance of interior finish used on railcars has been evaluated in previous studies using the NFPA 286 room corner fire test, which has a cross-section similar to a railcar. In some studies, the wall containing the door was removed to account for the shorter length of the room compared to the railcar length. The focus of...
Fires from vehicular accidents involving heavy-goods vehicles (HGVs) pose a significant threat to steel plate girder highway bridges. The complete immersion of plate girders in flames resulting in excessive girder element temperature is hypothesized to be a gauge of the fire performance of highway bridges. This research investigated the effect of g...
A literature review was performed to assess the state of knowledge of the effects of railcar interior finish materials on fire growth and fully developed fires from railcars. An overview is provided on standards and requirements currently used to regulate interior finish materials. Following this review, an overview of experimental and computationa...
A method of sensor fusion was developed to combine long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) stereo vision and a spinning LIDAR for improved rangefinding in smoke-obscured environments. This method allows rangefinding in clear and smoke conditions, relying on LIDAR’s high accuracy in clear conditions and the perception ability of LWIR cameras in smoke. Senso...
Rail tunnel and station smoke control system designs typically consider a fully-developed fire from a railcar as a worst case, credible fire scenario. This paper provides the results of a review and assessment of the methods used to estimate the heat release rate of a fully-developed fire inside of a railcar. The review includes large and scaled ra...
Inverse heat transfer analysis (IHT) was used to measure the full-field heat fluxes on a small scale (0.9 m×0.9 m×0.9 m) stainless steel SS304 compartment exposed to a 100 kW diffusion flame. The measured heat fluxes were then used in a thermo-mechanical finite element model in Abaqus to predict the response of an aluminum 6061-T6 compartment to th...
A computer vision-based autonomous fire suppression system with real-time feedback of fire size and spray direction is presented in this paper. The system has been developed for use in a firefighting robot for close-range, localized fire suppression tasks in enclosed environments. A probabilistic water classification method was developed for segmen...
Locating a fire inside of a structure that is not in the direct field of view of the robot has been
researched for intelligent firefighting robots. By classifying fire, smoke, and their thermal
reflections, firefighting robots can assess local conditions, decide a proper heading and
autonomously navigate toward a fire. Long-wavelength infrared came...
This research examined the use of Thermographic Digital Image Correlation (TDIC) in fire testing with flames in the field of view. The error and uncertainty in the deformation measurements obtained via TDIC with fire in the field of view were reduced by ensuring the grayscale histogram of the CCD images was neither under-saturated nor oversaturated...
Full-field measurements of the thermal and displacement response of a stiffened aluminium plate subjected to combined compression loading and one-sided heat flux were obtained using a fused thermography digital image correlation (TDIC). One limitation of this method with a single TDIC system is the inability to measure complex shapes where portions...
The modeling and simulation of fires is a complex, multi-scale problem. The need to create accurate models extends from prevention to prediction to damage control management. Since these problems are so complex, even models of moderately-sized fires in relatively small domains require significant computational resources and time to solve. Further,...
The impact of sensitization levels resulting from exposure to a temperature of 150°C on AA5083-H116 mechanical properties was investigated through accelerated corrosion. Optical microscopy was performed to examine microstructure damage morphologies dependent upon β grain boundary coverage evolution and surface orientations. Corrosion in 0.6 M NaCl...
An autonomous fire suppression system was developed for localized fire suppression in high and low visibility environments. The system contains a multispectral sensor suite, including UV sensors and infrared stereovision, to detect and target a fire for suppression. The UV sensor provides an alert to the system to begin fire detection. IR imagery i...
Anexperimental study was performed comparing changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of six different 5000 series alloys following a simulated fire exposure. To simulate the fire exposure, specimens were subjected to a constant heating rate of 25°C/min (up to 500°C) and then water quenched. Quasi- static tensile tests were conducted to...
A complete compartment fire hazard assessment requires a knowledge of toxic chemical species production. Although combustion products include a vast number of chemical species, in practical circumstances the bulk of the product gas mixture can be characterized by less than 10 species. Of these, carbon monoxide (CO) represents the most common fire t...
The heat transfer from fires to adjacent surfaces is an important consideration in many fire analyses. Some example applications that may require knowledge of the heat transfer from a flame include heating and failure of structural beams, heat transfer through walls and ceilings, and the ignition and flame spread along combustible surfaces. © Socie...
An experimental study was performed comparing changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of six different 5000 series alloys following a simulated fire exposure. To simulate the fire exposure, specimens were subjected to a constant heating rate of 25 °C /min (up to 500 °C) and then water quenched. Quasi-static tensile tests were conducted...
The impact of sensitization levels resulting from exposure to a temperature of 150°C on AA5083-H116 mechanical properties was investigated through accelerated corrosion. Optical microscopy was performed to examine microstructure damage morphologies dependent upon β grain boundary coverage evolution and surface orientations. Corrosion in 0.6 M NaCl...
Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such as lightweight structures, light rail, bridge decks, marine crafts, and offshore platforms. A major concern in the design of land-based and marine aluminum structures is fire safety, at least in part due to mechanical property reduction at temperatures...
Flame impingement is critical for the processing and energy industries. The high heat transfer rates obtained with impinging flames are relevant in metal flame cutting, welding, and brazing; in fire research to understand the effects of flames on the structures of buildings; and in the design of high temperature combustion systems. Most of the stud...
This paper provides an overview of the bipedal walking controller implemented on ESCHER, a new torque-controlled humanoid designed by Virginia Tech to compete in the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC). The robot's compliant control approach relies on an optimization-based inverse dynamics solver proposed in a previous publication. This work presents tw...
A method was developed to measure full-field, transient heat flux from a fire onto a surface using infrared (IR) thermography. This research investigated metal plates that were directly exposed to fire while the unexposed side temperature of the plate was measured using IR thermography. These temperatures were then used in a two-dimensional finite...
A series of experiments with a fire impinging onto a ceiling were conducted to quantify the influence of a ceiling on the fire plume centerline gas temperatures and vertical velocities. A 0.3 m square porous burner with propane as the fuel type provided a steady-state diffusion flame. Time averaged gas temperatures and velocities were measured at 7...
As whole-body control approaches begin to enter the mainstream of humanoid robotics research, there is a real need to address the challenges and pitfalls encountered in hardware implementations. This paper presents an optimization-based whole-body control framework enabling compliant locomotion on THOR, a 34 degree of freedom humanoid featuring for...
An integrated infrared thermography and 3-D digital image correlation (TDIC) technique has been developed which allows for simultaneous measurement of spatial and temporal distributions of temperatures and displacements. For this, a novel technique was developed to calibrate the IR thermal cameras with a stereo-vision digital image correlation (DIC...
One of the major concerns regarding the use of lightweight materials in ship construction is the response of those materials to fire scenarios, including the residual structural performance after a fire event. This paper presents a study on creep damage evolution in 5083 marine-grade aluminum alloy and its impact on residual mechanical behavior. Te...
One of the major concerns regarding the use of lightweight materials in ship construction is the response of those materials to fire scenarios, including the residual structural performance after a fire event. This paper presents a study on creep damage evolution in 5083 marine-grade aluminum alloy and its impact on residual mechanical behavior. Sa...
New measurement techniques are presented to simultaneously determine the radiative and convective components in a mixed-mode heat transfer environment. These techniques rely on making hot surface heat flux measurements using a hybrid heat flux gage capable of measuring heat flux at surface temperatures up to 1000 °C without water cooling. Experimen...
A real-time probabilistic classification method was developed for identifying fire, smoke, their thermal reflections, and other objects in infrared images. This algorithm was formulated for use on a robot that will autonomously locate fires inside of a structure where the fire is outside the robot field of view. Thermal images were used to extract...
Introduction Constitutive Model Development Conclusions Acknowledgements
This video presents early results for dynamic balancing on unstable terrain using THOR, a 34-DoF torque-controlled humanoid. The proposed stance controller stabilizes the centroidal dynamics by regulating the Divergent Component of Motion (DCM) using whole-body momentum control. A quadratic program (QP) is used to compute optimal joint torques give...
Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such as light rail and marine crafts. The structural performance of such aluminum structures during and after a fire is a major concern. Post-fire evaluation of structural integrity and assessment for structural member replacement requires an understanding...
Robotic firefighting is an area of increased focus as a way of limiting the exposure of firefighters to hazardous environments. A suppression system must incorporate multiple functionalities to allow for closed-loop firefighting control. One area of development is classifying water spray as a way of correcting errors between suppressant placement a...
Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such as light rail and marine crafts. Post-fire evaluation of structural integrity and assessment of the need for structural member replacement requires an understanding of the residual (post-fire) mechanical behavior. In this work, models are presented to...
This paper presents a coupled thermal-mechanical finite element model for analysing the tensile softening, deformation and failure of aluminium plate exposed to fire. The model consists of two parts: thermal analysis followed by mechanical analysis of aluminium under combined one-sided heating and axial tensile loading. The thermal analysis compute...
Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of load-bearing applications such as light rail and marine crafts. Post-fire evaluation of structural integrity and assessment of the need for structural member replacement requires understanding of the residual (post-fire) mechanical behavior. Aluminum alloys are strengthened by eithe...
The structural response of welded aluminium in fire is computationally and experimentally analysed. A finite element (FE) model is developed to compute the deformation and failure of gas metal arc welded (GMAW) aluminium plate under combined loading and one-sided unsteady-state heating representative of fire. The FE model predicts the deformation o...
A methodology was developed to predict the thermal exposure from a furnace onto a floor assembly specimen. In furnaces with low conductivity wall linings and gas fired burners with complete combustion, the gas attenuation effects were determined to be small indicating that radiation between surfaces and convection are the dominant modes of heat tra...
Firefighting robots are actively being researched to reduce firefighter injuries and deaths as well as increase their effectiveness on performing tasks. There has been difficulty in making firefighting robots autonomous because the commonly used sensors for autonomous robot navigation do not perform well in fire smoke-filled environments where low...
The hybrid heat flux gage is a high temperature device that does not require water cooling and can be placed directly onto a surface to quantify the heat exposure boundary conditions. In this research, the hybrid gage was mounted onto three different samples and used to determine exposure conditions for predicting the transient temperature rise of...
An experimental study was performed to quantify the performance of eleven common robotic navigation rangefinding technologies and camera systems in fire smoke environments. Instruments evaluated included two IR cameras, two visible cameras, two sonar systems, radar, a single-echo LIDAR, a multi-echo LIDAR, a Kinect™ depth sensor, and night vision....
New experimental methods have been developed using a hybrid heat flux gage to quantify the thermal boundary condition to a surface exposed to fire. The hybrid heat flux gage is capable of measuring the net heat flux and exposure heat flux at gage temperatures up to 1000 °C without the need for water cooling. Using these heat fluxes at elevated surf...
This paper discusses the application of thermal infrared stereo vision for distance mapping in fire environments for mobile robotic systems and humans. The capabilities of thermal infrared stereo vision are presented. The relationship between the development of thermal IR stereo vision systems and the development of visual stereo vision systems is...
An autonomous fire suppression system was developed for local fire suppression. The system contains a multispectral sensor suite, including UV sensors and IR stereovision, to detect and target the fire for suppression. Using a deterministic trajectory algorithm, the nozzle angle is adjusted to apply the suppressant onto the base of the fire. The su...
Finding a fire fast is crucial in firefighting. For risky situations, it would be idealistic to send a firefighting robot that could quickly and efficiently find the fire and suppress it. This paper introduces an algorithm developed for an intelligent firefighting mobile robot to find a fire efficiently by fusing long wave infrared camera, ultravio...
Heat transfer characteristics of fluidized particles were experimentally quantified through measuring emitted infrared radiation. The presented experimental technique was designed to overcome the spatial, time varying, and instrumental intrusive limitations often found in multiphase flow studies. A pseudo two-dimensional bed was investigated by sup...
Thermal modeling is an important aspect in evaluating the fire resistance of a structure subjected to a furnace exposure. A common approach for predicting temperatures in thermo-structural modeling is with an effective emissivity meant to account for radiation exchange between surfaces of different temperature (“shadow effect”), radiation from gas...
The hydrodynamics of fluidized beds involving gas-solids interactions are very complex, and modeling such a system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is even more challenging for mixtures composed of nonuniform particle characteristics such as diameter or density. Another issue is the presence of dead-zones, regions of particles that...
This paper presents the development of a far infrared stereo vision system for room mapping in low visibility firefighting scenarios. In this paper, the calibration and rectification of the cameras are presented, along with a discussion of the correspondence matching algorithm selected. Finally, the results from tests of the system in high visibili...
An experimental 2-D fluidized bed was developed to study gas-solid hydrodynamics. The effects of multiple jet systems were examined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) combined with Digital Image Analysis (DIA). Flow regimes were classified through pressure drop spectral analysis. The combination of these non-intrusive techniques allowed for the...
An experimental study was performed to quantify the microscopic changes in composite construction materials to better understand the thermal and structural behavior of sandwich composites during fire. Real-time videos of microscopic response of resin, composite laminates, and balsa wood from an ESEM were used to understand changes in material morph...
A thermo-structural model was developed and validated to predict the failure of compressively loaded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates during one-sided heating from a fire. The model consists of a one-dimensional pyrolysis model to predict the thermal response of a decomposing material and an integral structural model based on the bending eq...
A thermo-structural model was previously developed and validated for predicting the failure of compressively loaded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates by one-sided heating in fire. The model consists of a one-dimensional pyrolysis model to predict the temperature and decomposition response. An integrated structural model uses the thermal pred...
This paper presents a new modelling approach to analyse the fire structural response of fibre–polymer laminates protected with an intumescent surface coating. The model is designed to predict the temperature, decomposition, softening and failure of laminates with an intumescent coating in fire. The modelling involves a three-stage analytical approa...
This study compiles the research that has been conducted on thermal conditions produced by fires under ceilings as well as additional new data for fires beneath ceilings in a corridor configuration. This includes fires in corridor/tunnel, unbounded ceiling, and corner configurations. For each configuration, the thermal conditions produced for both...
An experimental study was performed to quantify the response and failure of 5083-H116 and 6082-T6 aluminum plates under compression load while being subjected to a constant heat flux representing a fire exposure. Using an intermediate scale loading frame with integrated heating, the study evaluated the effects of geometry, aluminum type, fire expos...
The flame spread program within the fire growth model is a non-symmetric model capable of predicting two-dimensional flame spread and heat contribution from combustible walls and ceilings. The current version of this model is capable of predicting fire growth inside compartments lined with multiple combustible and noncombustible wall linings with t...
Different decomposition models of varying complexity were developed to predict the heat and mass transfer through charring/reinforced
materials that are undergoing decomposition. Models included a heat conduction based model, decomposition model neglecting
internal pyrolysis gas convection, and decomposition model with internal convection. Experime...
Intermediate-scale, one-sided heating tests were performed on compressively loaded E-glass vinyl ester composite laminates. The tests were designed to investigate the effect of varying the applied stress, applied heat flux, and laminate dimensions on structural response. Three failure modes were observed in testing: large-scale buckling, localized...
This paper presents a finite-element (FE) modeling approach to predict the deformation, softening, and failure of compression-loaded aluminum structures exposed to fire. A fully coupled thermal-mechanical FE model is outlined. The FE model can analyze the thermal profile and deformation as well as the initial and final plastic collapse of aluminum...
Thermal properties were measured on coupon size samples for use in predicting the temperature response and mass transfer during fires exposures. The thermal properties were determined up to temperatures of 800°C through inverse heat transfer analysis on temperature response and mass loss data. Temperature response and mass loss data were determined...
This article presents a modeling approach based on the Larson–Miller parameter (LMP) for creep rupture to predict failure
of aluminum in fire. The modified Larson–Miller model can predict time-dependent tensile rupture or compressive buckling of
aluminum plate under combined loading and one-sided heating by fire. The model applies the LMP to determ...
This article presents an experimental study into thermal softening and thermal recovery of the compression strength properties
of structural balsa wood (Ochroma pyramidale). Balsa is a core material used in sandwich composite structures for applications where fire is an ever-present risk, such
as ships and buildings. This article investigates the t...
This paper presents a thermo-mechanical model based on creep mechanics to predict compression deformation and failure of aluminium alloys exposed to fire. The model is based on the analytical work by Maljaars et al. [1] for the compression deformation of aluminium due to primary and secondary creep processes when exposed to transient heating caused...
Inverse analysis methods were evaluated for determining thermal properties of materials for pyrolysis models. Experiments and analyses focused on determining the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of materials as a function of temperature and in different states. Experiments were designed to limit the properties -thermal conductivity,...
This paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the structural response of polymer matrix composites exposed to fire. Models for analysing the thermal, chemical, physical, and failure processes that control the structural responses of laminates and sandwich composite materials in fire are reviewed. Models for calculating the...
This study concerns a joint experimental and numerical modeling effort to understand and predict the response of balsa for fire environments. The first part of this study presents thermogravimetric measurements and micrographs of balsa wood undergoing decomposition. A thermogravimetric analysis is used to determine the Arrhenius kinetic rates for o...
Methods are provided for obtaining composite material high temperature thermal properties, decomposition properties, and changes in material morphology during heating. This includes review of experimental techniques that have been used to develop properties as well as analysis that needs to be performed on data to develop some of these properties....
A one-dimensional thermo-mechanical model was developed to predict the thermal response and mechanical failure of polymer laminates exposed to fire conditions. A decomposition model was linked with an eccentrically loaded beam model. Maximum stress is compared with the instantaneous compressive strength to determine the time-to-failure.
Thermo-structural response of materials exposed to fire has largely been restricted to expensive large-scale testing. An intermediate-scale compressive load test with heat exposure has been developed as a cost-effective means to evaluate material thermo-structural response characteristics prior to large scale testing. The test was used to evaluate...
The majority of victims in building fires are found at locations distant from the burning compartment. Experiments were conducted
in a reduced scale facility to quantify the effects of air entrainment and stoichiometry of gases entering the hallway on
the CO yield at locations remote from a burning compartment. Scaling parameters for the air entrai...
Firefighting foam is widely used to extinguish liquid pool fires. To model the extinguishment of pool fires, the spread of the foam over the fuel surface needs to be predicted. Equations of motion for predicting the spreading of foam over a confined liquid pool have been developed. These equations are a variation of the shallow water equations, whi...
A one–dimensional, transient thermal degradation heat transfer model for the response of composite materials when exposed to fire is presented. The model can handle layers of different materials. Material properties are functions of temperature. The reaction can be specified using Arrhenius-type parameters or by inputting a density–temperature rela...