Bradley J. Cardinale’s research while affiliated with Pennsylvania State University and other places


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Publications (205)


Conceptual diagram of the river trophic network model. The red dashed arrows represent flux leaving the system (i.e. fish respiration), and the black arrows represent flux transferring from one/trophic compartment to another through the food web. Plants, invertebrates, algae and detritus were considered basal resources for the fish community, so they have no input flux and respiration being represented here. Trophic interaction through the food web was defined by the use of gut contents. Illustration credit: Margenny Barrios (Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental CURE, Universidad de la República, Uruguay).
Long‐term trends in biodiversity and energy flux of fish trophic guilds. The mean (± SE, n = 179) of rarefied species richness (a), abundance (ind/CPUE) (b), biomass (g/CPUE) (c), body size (cm) (d) and energy flux (J/year) (d) of whole‐community (black points) and individual trophic guilds (coloured lines) along 17 years. (d) Mean of changes in the energy flux of each single trophic guild from year 1 to 17 years. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. (e) Relative contributions of fish trophic guilds to the whole food web energy flux (n = 179).
Response of energy flux (whole‐community and individual trophic guilds) to changes in species richness (n = 179). Relationship between species richness and community energy fluxes. Linear mixed effects models for (a) whole‐communities, (b) top‐carnivores, (c) mesocarnivores, (d) omnivores and (e) detritivores. Black dashed lines denote overall model fits and coloured lines indicate different river sites (Nuevo Berlín, Fray Bentos and Las Cañas).
Direct and indirect effects of human pressure on the diversity and energy flux. Direct and indirect pathways by which human footprint, precipitation, turbidity, water discharge, and N:P ratio influence species richness and energy flux of fish trophic guilds. Specifically, structural equation modelling was used to disentangle the direct and indirect diversity‐mediated effects of the human footprint on energy flux after controlling time. Separate models were run for each trophic compartment: (a–c) top‐carnivores, (d–f) mesocarnivores, (g–i) omnivores, and (j–l) detritivores. Solid blue and red arrows represent significant positive and negative pathways, respectively (p ≤ 0.05), while solid grey arrows non‐significant pathways (p ≥ 0.05). The thickness of the significant pathways (arrows) represents the magnitude of the standardized regression coefficient. Bar graphs illustrate the standardized effect size from SEMs (a, d, g, j) for both species' richness and energy flux. The asterisk adjacent to the bar represents the significance of the effects: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Indirect effects of drivers on energy flux are calculated by multiplying the path coefficient for the effect of drivers on species richness with the path coefficient for the effect of species richness on energy flux (see Table S5).
Long‐term changes in multi‐trophic diversity alter the functioning of river food webs
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May 2024

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1,188 Reads

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1 Citation

Functional Ecology

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Increasing human pressures threaten fish diversity, with potentially severe but unknown consequences for the functioning of riverine food webs. Using a 17‐year dataset from multi‐trophic fish communities, we investigated the long‐term effects of human pressure on the diversity and food web functioning. Combining metabolic scaling and ecological network principles, we calculate the annual energy fluxes through trophic compartments (top‐carnivore, mesocarnivore, detritivore and omnivore). Energy fluxes link trophic compartments, and thus represents food web functions such as carnivory, omnivory, herbivory and detritivory. Species richness across all trophic compartments was positively associated with energy flux. However, species richness decreased over time, as did the energy flux at the whole‐network level, which was reduced by 75%. Human pressure negatively affected both species richness and energy flux. Moreover, the negative impacts of human pressure on energy flux have intensified over time. Our results illustrate how human pressure can reduce diversity and erode the energy flux through food webs, with negative implications for the ecosystem functioning. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

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Potential pathways and relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem service provision with increasing spatial scale, considering either a simple ecological (top row) or more complex socio-ecological view (bottom row) of ecosystem service provision (see “Conceptual Framework” section for full details). For simplicity we consider only two functions and one service while in reality numerous functions contribute to and interact to provide multiple services. We have also excluded effects of abiotic variables on functions and services. We also focus on one potential driver (increasing extent of observation increases the number of niche opportunities and allows additional species to contribute to a function that leads to an ecosystem service) and do not include other potential drivers (e.g., changes in population sizes, reduced selection effects, changes in relative impacts of biodiversity versus abiotic drivers)
Predicted two-dimensional conceptual scales at which different ecosystem service dynamics will be most important for influencing BES relationships across scales. We expect that (1) ecological linkages involving species and ecosystem functions which generally strengthen BES relationships will be most important at fine spatial scales and when studies focus on service capacity or supply, (2) human management actions will be most important at intermediate spatial and conceptual scales, and (3) that ecosystem service co-production and shifts in human demand (D) for specific services will be most important at broad scales and when studies focus on measuring actual ecosystem service benefits. We also expect abiotic effects (AB) to be most important at a variety of spatial scales but mainly when the focus is on the capacity/supply of services
Key questions for understanding drivers of biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships across spatial scales

February 2024

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464 Reads

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9 Citations

Landscape Ecology

Context Biodiversity loss is predicted to have significant impacts on ecosystem services based on previous ecological work at small spatial and temporal scales. However, scaling up understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem service (BES) relationships to broader scales is difficult since ecosystem services emerge from complex interactions between ecosystems, people, and technology. Objectives In order to inform and direct future BES research, identify and categorise the ecological and social-ecological drivers operating at different spatial scales that could strengthen or weaken BES relationships. Methods We developed a conceptual framework to understand the potential drivers across spatial scales that could affect BES relationships and then categorized these drivers to synthesize the current state of knowledge. Results Our conceptual framework identifies ecological/supply-side and social-ecological/demand-side drivers, and cross-scale interactions that influence BES relationships at different scales. Different combinations of these drivers in different contexts will lead to a variety of strengths, shape, and directionality in BES relationships across spatial scales. Conclusions We put forward four predictions about the spatial scales that the effects of biodiversity, ecosystem service management, ecosystem co-production, and abiotic linkages or effects will be most evident on BES relationships and use these to propose future directions to best advance BES research across scales.


also features the results of multiple contingency table analyses using listwise deletion.
The perceived ecological and human well‐being benefits of ecosystem restoration

December 2023

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369 Reads

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7 Citations

Traditionally, ecosystem restoration has focussed on standard ecological indicators like water or habitat quality, species population abundance or vegetation cover to determine success. However, there is growing interest in how restoration might impact people and communities. For example, researchers have documented positive socio-ecological links between restoration and human well-being indicators like property value, natural hazard mitigation, recreation opportunity and happiness. Furthermore, public health benefits from restoration have been linked to public support for programmes. Drawing from this research, the United Nations declared 2021–2030 the ‘Decade of Ecosystem Restoration’ and set a goal to promote more socio-ecological goals in ecosystem restoration. Nonetheless, there is still a lack of information on the extent to which restoration practitioners consider well-being because many granting programmes only require ecological goals and monitoring. To explore how restoration practitioners design, implement and measure the success of their projects, we used the federally funded Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) as a case study. Since 2010, GLRI has awarded over $3.5 Billion to over 5300 projects across the midwestern United States, but it does not presently require human well-being considerations. We performed an online survey targeting project managers with a sample of GLRI projects (N = 1574). We received 437 responses and found that almost half set a human well-being goal, and more than 70% of those who did believe they reached it. In comparison, 90% of project managers believed they met their ecological goals. These documented perceptions of positive impacts for both people and nature suggest that restoration may already transcend traditional indicators and monitoring for socio-ecological metrics could capture many ‘unseen’ benefits. Therefore, we recommend that ecosystem restoration programmes adopt a socio-ecological lens to document the full extent of their restoration outcomes.


Long-term changes in multi-trophic diversity alter the functioning of river food webs

September 2023

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446 Reads

Increasing human pressures threaten fish diversity, with potentially severe but unknown consequences to the functioning of riverine food webs. Using a 17-years dataset from multi-trophic fish communities, we investigated the long-term effects of human pressure (represented by human footprint) on the species richness and energy flux across fish food webs, a measure of ecosystem functioning. Combining metabolic scaling theory and ecological network principles, we calculate the annual energy flux through varying trophic compartments (i.e., top-carnivore, mesocarnivore, detritivore, and omnivore). Species richness across all trophic compartments was positively associated with energy flux. However, species richness decreased over time, alongside with the energy flux at the whole-network level, which reduced by 75%. Human pressure negatively affected both species richness and energy flux, and the negative impacts of human pressure have intensified over time. These results illustrate how human pressure can reduce diversity and erode the energy flux through food webs, with long-term negative implications for the functioning of natural ecosystems


Impacts of Fungal Disease on Algal Biofuel Systems: Using Life Cycle Assessment to Compare Control Strategies

February 2023

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24 Reads

Environmental Science and Technology

While climate change has incentivized attention on sustainable fuel sources, algae has positioned itself as a both promising and problematic biofuel feedstock. Diseases such as fungal pathogens cause costly algal feedstock crashes, but the life cycle assessments (LCAs) used to analyze the viability of algal feedstocks for biofuel have yet to consider the impact of disease on life cycle metrics. Here, we incorporate a disease model into a well-documented LCA for algal biorefineries to compare two sustainability metrics, energy return on investment (EROI) and global warming potential (GWP). We begin by showing that failure to consider disease leads to overly optimistic LCA metric outputs. Then, we compare two leading control strategies of disease─chemical and biological. Our analyses show that biological engineering of a multispecies consortium of algae has a greater positive impact on LCA metrics than chemical control of the fungal pathogen using a fungicide. We expand how and when bi-cultures might advantageously exhibit the "dilution effect" whereby differentially susceptible species exhibit compensatory dynamics that stabilize feedstock production. Our results emphasize the impact of disease and suggest that multispecies consortia of algae can be biologically engineered to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the economic viability of biofuel.


Tolerance to allelopathic inhibition by free fatty acids in five biofuel candidate microalgae strains

December 2022

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14 Reads

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7 Citations

Bioresource Technology Reports

Contaminating organisms (grazers, pathogens, competitors) and self-inhibition by algae-produced allelopathic chemicals are two issues that may limit the productivity of algal cultivation for bioproducts. One potential solution is to identify algal strains that are not affected by allelopathic inhibition even while undesirable organisms are suppressed. Here we used two experiments to test how sensitivity to allelopathy varies across algae. In the first experiment, we tested the sensitivity of five biofuel candidate green algae strains to two allelopathic compounds (i.e., free fatty acids) and found that the degree of inhibition depends strongly on both the species and specific compound. In the second experiment, we exposed one alga (Chlorella) to the sterile-filtered medium of each species, and found that the concentration of free fatty acids released into the media predicted Chlorella's growth response. This provides a better understanding of how the production of, and sensitivity to, allelopathic compounds determines algal productivity.


Human pressure drives biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships in neotropical wetlands

August 2022

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2,386 Reads

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52 Citations

Nature Ecology & Evolution

Many studies have shown that biodiversity regulates a multitude of ecological functions that are needed to maintain the productivity and efficiency of a variety of types of ecosystems. What is not known is how human activities may change the ‘multifunctionality’ of ecosystems as they have both direct impacts on ecosystems and indirect effects on the biodiversity that serves to control ecological functions. Using a database on hundreds of lakes spanning four large neotropical wetlands, we demonstrate that species richness and the functional diversity of fish, macrophytes, microcrustaceans, rotifers, protists, and phytoplankton are positively associated with ecosystem multifunctionality, including nutrient concentrations, standing biomass, and ecosystem metabolism. However, we also found that the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality is weakened by human pressures and that part of this impact occurs through changes in biodiversity. Our results suggest that human activities may break down the biological controls needed to maintain the suite of ecosystem functions that sustain wetlands.


Figure shows the hypothesis (Panel A) and the resulting prediction tested in the study of National Lake Assessment dataset analyses as well as in the study of incubation experiments (panel). In Panel B, the map in the left-hand side shows the continental United States, and the dark blue and green dots represent the lakes included in the National Lake Assessment in year 2007 and 2012 respectively; the red symbol @ in the right-hand side represents the location of Ann Arbor, MI.
Schematic plot explaining the purpose and experimental design of the treatments in the incubation experiments (Study 2). The 2 pictures above are taken from the experiments.
Relationships between omnivorous consumption (Omni) and zooplankton taxonomic richness (zpSR; Panel A) as well as between Omni and the consumption of phytoplankton by the entire zooplankton community (G; Panel B). Both relationships are not statistically significant as indicated by the dashed line.
Relationship between omnivorous consumption (Omni) and the proportion of zooplankton in the Cyclopidae family (nonherbivore; Panel A) and in the Daphniidae family (herbivore; Panel B). Solid lines indicate significant correlations (P = 0.05 in both panels).
Effects of consumer diversity on prey consumption are not influenced by omnivory

July 2022

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88 Reads

In plant communities, higher levels of taxonomic richness are often shown to be more efficient at utilization of limiting resources due to resource partitioning among taxa. While resource partitioning is also thought to be important in consumer communities, consumers also exhibit more complex interactions like omnivory. Omnivory is generally thought to reduce the effects of consumer richness on the consumption of prey resources; however, empirical tests of this prediction are rare. Here, we report the results of 2 complementary studies to test the hypothesis that omnivory reduces the positive effects of consumer taxonomic richness on prey resource consumption. First, we analyzed data from a dataset consisting of 1,100 freshwater lakes across the continental United States. We show that the relationship between consumer taxonomic richness and the summed biomass of resource prey (phytoplankton) is independent of the proportion of zooplankton (consumers) that are omnivores. However, consumption rates were not explicitly measured in this dataset so that we conducted in situ feeding experiments in 37 lakes near Ann Arbor, MI, USA, to measure omnivorous consumption (Omni) as the amount of smaller microzooplankton (<200 μm) consumed by larger nonherbivorous mesozooplankton. We also measured the amount of phytoplankton consumption (G) across a gradient of zooplankton taxonomic richness (zpSR). We showed that there was a positive association between zpSR and G, suggesting that G was increased by zooplankton diversity. However, the effects of zooplankton diversity on the G are not altered by the level of Omni among zooplankton. Although omnivory does not influence the effects of consumer diversity on prey consumption, we do not negate the impacts of omnivory on other ecosystem functions in aquatic systems. We attempt to address a question that is of general interest to the field of ecology, especially of aquatic ecology, because omnivory is known to be common in aquatic systems.


Experimental set-up of outdoor cultivation ponds
Photographs of 400-L experimental outdoor raceways located at Arizona Center for Algal Technology and Innovation (AzCATI) in Mesa, Arizona. Inset text summarizes experimental design.
Mean production metrics of algal cultures before and after infection
Mean values for productivity (A), stability (B), and maximum biomass achieved immediately prior to harvest (C). Central data points with error bars show the grand mean of all replicates for each treatment with standard error bars. Offset data points represent the mean values for each replicate pond.
Time series of algal cell densities and infection metrics
Panel A shows the grand mean proportion of total cell density that is composed of each species in polyculture. Panel B shows the grand mean proportion of each species infected with the fungus in both polycultures and monocultures Bars represent the standard error. Highlighted yellow section of both graphs represents the experimental period post infection. Vertical light-grey dotted lines indicate harvest days. Data collected on harvest days are pre-harvest. Vertical red dashed line represents the day of infection (day 23). Infection proportions in panel B are only shown for the After Infection Period because no significant signs of infection were detected prior to day 24.
Analysis of variance effects test results
Biodiversity and disease risk in an algal biofuel system: An experimental test in outdoor ponds using a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design

April 2022

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47 Reads

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4 Citations

For outdoor cultivation of algal feedstocks to become a commercially viable and sustainable option for biofuel production, algal cultivation must maintain high yields and temporal stability in environmentally variable outdoor ponds. One of the main challenges is mitigating disease outbreaks that leads to culture crashes. Drawing on predictions from the ‘dilution effect’ hypothesis, in which increased biodiversity is thought to reduce disease risk in a community, a teste of whether algal polycultures would reduce disease risk and improve feedstock production efficiencies compared to monocultures was performed. While the positive benefits of biodiversity on disease risk have been demonstrated in various systems, to the best of our knowledge this is the first test in an algal biofuel system. Here, the results a before-after-control-impact (BACI) experimental design to compare mean monoculture (control) and polyculture (impact) yield, stability, and productivity before and after fungal infection when grown in 400-L outdoor raceway ponds are presented. It has been found that polycultures did not experience a reduction in disease risk compared to monocultures or differ in production efficiencies throughout the course of the 43-day experiment. These results show that polyculture feedstocks can maintain similar levels of productivity, stability, and disease resistance to that of a monoculture. Determining whether these results are generalizable or represent one case study requires additional outdoor experiments using a larger variety of host and pathogen species.


A synthesis of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative according to the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation

January 2022

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134 Reads

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10 Citations

Journal of Great Lakes Research

The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI), designed to restore and protect the ecology of the Laurentian Great Lakes, is one of the largest environmental funding programs in the United States. Over 5,400 grants have been awarded in the last 11 years (2010–2020), representing over $3.5 billion in federal spending. A publicly available database that contains a written description about each grant is available online. However, analysis cannot easily be performed given that the descriptions are only textual. Therefore, we applied a modified version of the Conservation Action Classification (CAC 2.0), an established framework from the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, to synthesize the number of restoration actions, target species, and specific threats mentioned using thematic content analysis. The framework was modified to expand the CAC 2.0 by adding actions specific to GLRI. For example, we created typologies for the monitoring performed, site stewardship actions, and maritime ballast management practices. Based on this tally, we provide a summary of all the GLRI efforts to date. In addition to the more widely known restoration actions, we also describe the extent of educational, capacity building, and the non-monetary value projects that considered human wellbeing and/or focused on traditional ecological knowledge, recreation, or public outreach and engagement. Finally, we conclude with a discussion about the state of GLRI, the extent of the social or community-oriented efforts, and possible areas for adaptive management. This systematic coding process, and our shared supplementary data, can assist future GLRI research and strategic planning.


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Citations (72)


... This is because large-bodied organisms (which tend to occupy high trophic levels) have characteristics that make them more sensitive to habitat degradation, such as large home ranges, slow reproductive rates, and low population density 1,2,11 . Human land-use is also known to alter the distribution of biomass within and between trophic compartments 12 , increasing biomass retention in lower trophic compartments (small-bodied omnivores) and suppressing the biomass ux to higher trophic compartments (large-bodied predators) 13 . This suppression in biomass ux across higher trophic levels leads to a reduction in the mean community body size towards the dominance of smallbodied individuals 13 . ...

Reference:

Human land-use and non-native species erode ecosystem services by changing community size structure
Long‐term changes in multi‐trophic diversity alter the functioning of river food webs

... Relevant research has been often neglected in the development and implementation of landscape design and planning, including conservation and natural resource plans; similarly, research often does not directly address the needs and questions of landscape planners, designers, and managers (i.e., "Research-Practice" barrier) (Grose 2014;Nassauer 2023). This barrier can be challenging to address given the complexities and context-dependencies in the landscape pattern-ecosystem service-human wellbeing relationships (Qiu and Turner 2015;Qiu et al. 2019;Reed et al. 2021;Mitchell et al. 2024). ...

Key questions for understanding drivers of biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships across spatial scales

Landscape Ecology

... Restoration, and the adoption of global restoration targets as outlined in Target 2 under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF; United Nations Environment Agency, 2019; Waltham et al., 2020). In addition to benefitting biodiversity and repairing ecosystems, restoration is also expected to benefit human well-being (Jurjonas et al., 2024). Restoration efforts may be especially important in urban areas, where access to nature is generally limited (Langhans et al., 2023). ...

The perceived ecological and human well‐being benefits of ecosystem restoration

... De Martino et al. (2010) Melissa officinalis Impairs seed germination by disrupting mitochondrial respiration and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) Araniti et al. (2016) Clove buds Reduces root and shoot growth by inhibiting cell division and elongation due to the action of allelochemicals Ahuja et al. (2015) Backhousia citriodora Causes physiological changes in seedlings by accumulating lipid globules in cells, reducing membrane permeability and respiration, likely due to inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis Fagodia et al. (2017) Mentha spicata Induces growth abnormalities by interfering with the mitotic process, particularly affecting prophase Almarie (2020), Thomas et al. (2023) Eucalyptus urophylla Disrupts growth and development by impairing gibberellin biosynthesis and altering genes involved in gibberellin metabolism Qiu et al. (2010) Eucalyptus globulus Disrupts mitotic microtubules, inhibiting the cell cycle and increasing the occurrence of asymmetric cell plates during formation Kaur et al. (2010) Eucalyptus nicholii Inhibits germination and root growth by disrupting the integrity of root meristem cell walls and microtubules Rao et al. (2014) Lavender Inhibits chloroplast function by affecting electron transport, disrupting the formation of the secondary quinone moiety in the photosystem II complex Koiou et al. (2020) Pinus halepensis Interferes with mitochondrial respiration by inhibiting the electron transport chain, leading to increased malondialdehyde levels Amri et al. (2013) Plectranthusamboinicus Disrupts growth by altering microtubule organization and interfering with cell wall biosynthesis Maldaner et al. (2021) Coriandrum sativum L. Reduces chlorophyll content by 60-66%, impairing photosynthetic activity and cellular respiration; also disrupts mitochondrial function Rahimi et al. (2013) Tagetes erecta L. Affects nutrient availability by increasing electrolyte leakage, resulting in elevated levels of malondialdehyde, proline, and hydrogen peroxide, indicating oxidative stress Laosinwattaa et al. (2018) Mentha longifolia Impairs chlorophyll content and seed germination by disrupting ATP energy generation from nutrients Sarheed et al. (2023) Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. Disrupts growth by damaging plant cell membranes and causing tissue destruction Campiglia et al. (2007), Rao et al. (2014) Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...

Tolerance to allelopathic inhibition by free fatty acids in five biofuel candidate microalgae strains
  • Citing Article
  • December 2022

Bioresource Technology Reports

... Among the species planted are Framo, Teak, Bamboo, and Reed grass, which provide a suitable habitat for fish spawning and breeding. This supports the findings of Jurjonas et al. (2022), who used habitat and species restoration and conservation programmes to address wetland and ecosystem degradation. In one of the communities, the Assembly members and through local initiatives have constructed a culvert drain as erosion protection along the shoreline. ...

A synthesis of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative according to the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation

Journal of Great Lakes Research

... Putting these three mandates together on one land base-sustainable resource management for the future that protects the health and ecological integrity of public lands while accommodating current demands for resource uses-is hard. Public land management becomes even more complex in the face of a growing human population, more frequent and severe wildfires (Dennison et al. 2014), invasions by exotic species (Hellmann et al. 2008), changing climate conditions (Brice et al. 2020), and ongoing habitat loss and degradation (Cardinale et al. 2012, Loreau et al. 2022. ...

Do not downplay biodiversity loss

Nature

... Because phytoplankton diversity can decrease variability in zooplankton productivity [12], greater algal diversity may support more zooplankton predators and therefore greater predator-prey ratios within the zooplankton community. However, diversity effects are not consistent across systems [14] and different measures of phytoplankton diversity can have opposing influences on horizontal and vertical diversity effects [15]. For example, communities dominated by cyanobacteria may have larger proportions of inedible taxa [16], which might limit zooplankton biomass [17,18] or have no impact [19]. ...

No evidence of biodiversity effects on stream ecosystem functioning across green and brown food web pathways
  • Citing Article
  • January 2022

Freshwater Biology

... Yang et al. (2023) studied responses of soil microbial diversity, network complexity and multifunctionality to three land-use changes at spatial-temporal scales. Moi et al. (2022) focused on the analysis of biodiversitymultifunctionality relationships under human pressure in large Neotropical wetlands. As mentioned above, the ecosystem function index has been widely developed in the study of ecosystem multifunctional mixtures, providing substantial data for ecosystem function evaluation. ...

Human pressure drives biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships in neotropical wetlands

Nature Ecology & Evolution

... Increased runoff is a major driver of soil erosion, especially from converted lands, and this causes the siltation of streams and rivers with significant effects on primary production and the composition of aquatic communities, including invertebrates and fishes (Sayer et al., 2018). Some invertebrates, such as shredders living in their thermal optima in forested streams, face the greatest risk of extinction due to the warming of streams and rivers due to climate change and land use change (Boyero et al., 2011b(Boyero et al., , 2021Yule et al., 2009). In the headwaters of the Mara River basin, seven species of invertebrates are restricted to colder forested streams, likely as a response to the warming and poor water quality in the nearby agricultural streams (Masese et al., 2014a). ...

Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics

... Godoy et al., 2014;Jiang et al., 2010;Peay et al., 2012) and sometimes not (e.g . Cahill Jr et al., 2008;Narwani et al., 2013;Naughton et al., 2015). The inconsistency of phylogenetic signal for competitive interaction strength across studies has been discussed and debated extensively, with potential explanations including contrasting effects of relatedness on niche and fitness differences (Mayfield & Levine, 2010) and differences in the phylogenetic or spatial scales considered (Graham et al., 2018;Jarzyna et al., 2021;Parmentier et al., 2014). ...

Phylogenetic distance does not predict competition in green algal communities

Ecosphere