Board on Health Sciences Policy's research while affiliated with Institute for Healthcare Improvement and other places
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Publications (25)
This new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, provides recommendations from an expert committee for a re-envisioned Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE). Four priority areas of improvement emerged from committee deliberations: (1) articulating PHEMCE's mission and role and explica...
Millions of people are living with dementia in the United States and globally. To live well with dementia, people need care, services, and supports that reflect their values and preferences, build on their strengths and abilities, promote well-being, and address needs that evolve as cognitive impairment deepens. Persons living with dementia co-mana...
Astronauts face unique health-related risks during crewed space missions, and longer-duration missions that extend to greater distances in our solar system (including to the Moon and Mars) will likely increase those risks. Cancer risks due to ionizing radiation exposure are one of these health-related risks. Assessing, managing, and communicating r...
Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely. P...
The organ donation and transplantation system strives to honor the gift of donated organs by fully using those organs to save and improve the quality of the lives of their recipients. However, there are not enough donated organs to meet the demand and some donated organs may not be recovered, some recovered organs may not be transplanted, and some...
Advances in trauma care have accelerated over the past decade, spurred by the significant burden of injury from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Between 2005 and 2013, the case fatality rate for United States service members injured in Afghanistan decreased by nearly 50 percent, despite an increase in the severity of injury among U.S. troops durin...
The National Institutes of Health - and many other organizations and individuals worldwide - are interested in the state of the science on preventing Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and age-related cognitive decline. This letter report reviews the evidence on interventions to decrease the risk of developing clinical Alzheimer's-type...
Workshop Objectives
• To examine the context for the challenges involved in educating health care providers in genetics.
• To review promising approaches for providing genetics education in various settings.
• To identify opportunities and next steps for improving genetics educa- tion for health professionals.
The more than 200,000 men and women that make up the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) workforce have been entrusted with the ultimate responsibility - ensuring that the homeland is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards. Every day, these dedicated individuals take on the critical and often dangerous challenges of the D...
Since its inception, the U.S. human spaceflight program has grown from launching a single man into orbit to an ongoing space presence involving numerous crewmembers. As the U.S. space program evolves, propelled in part by increasing international and commercial collaborations, long duration or exploration spaceflights - such as extended stays on th...
The process for translating basic science discoveries into clinical applications has historically involved a linear and lengthy progression from initial discovery to preclinical testing, regulatory evaluation and approval, and, finally, use in clinical practice. The low rate of translation from basic science to clinical application has been a sourc...
Sharing data generated through the conduct of clinical trials offers the promise of placing evidence about the safety and efficacy of therapies and clinical interventions on a firmer basis and enhancing the benefits of clinical trials. Ultimately, such data sharing - if carried out appropriately - could lead to improved clinical care and greater pu...
The responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) range from preventing foreign and domestic terrorist attacks; securing the nation's borders; safeguarding transportation systems; responding to natural disasters; nuclear detection; and more. Created in 2002 from a merger that rapidly incorporated parts of eight cabinet departments a...
The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) was created in 2005 by The California Stem Cell Research and Cures Act (Proposition 71) to distribute $3 billion in state funds for stem cell research. The passage of Proposition 71 by the voters of California occurred at a time when federal funding for research involving human embryonic ste...
Breast cancer remains the most common invasive cancer among women. The primary patients of breast cancer are adult women who are approaching or have reached menopause; 90 percent of new cases in U.S. women in 2009 were diagnosed at age 45 or older. Growing knowledge of the complexity of breast cancer stimulated a transition in breast cancer researc...
Chronic pain costs the nation up to $635 billion each year in medical treatment and lost productivity. The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act required the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to enlist the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in examining pain as a public health problem. In this report, the IOM offers a blueprint for a...
Following the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the anthrax letters, the ability to detect biological threats as quickly as possible became a top priority. In 2003 the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) introduced the BioWatch program--a federal monitoring system intended to speed detection of specific biological agents that could be released in...
Millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa suffer from mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders, and most do not have the resources to obtain treatment. The Uganda National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine hosted a workshop to discuss the state of care for MNS disorders in sub-Saharan Africa. © 2010 by the National Aca...
Many people naturally assume that the claims made for foods and nutritional supplements have the same degree of scientific grounding as those for medication, but that is not always the case. The IOM recommends that the FDA adopt a consistent scientific framework for biomarker evaluation in order to achieve a rigorous and transparent process. © 2010...
Each year, approximately 5,000 fatal work-related injuries and 4 million non-fatal injuries and illnesses occur in the United States. This number represents both unnecessary human suffering and high economic costs. In order to assist in better evaluating workplace safety and create safer work environments, the Institute of Medicine conducted a seri...
Maintaining the health and safety of workers in the United States and globally is accomplished in part by reducing hazardous exposures through the use of personal protective equipment. Personal protective technologies (PPT) include respirators worn by construction workers and miners; protective clothing, respirators, and gloves worn by firefighters...
Planning for long-duration space flights requires consideration of complex disease prevention, behavioral health, and clinical treatment issues-issues resulting from the hazards of the space environment and from limitations to in-mission medical care. These research and development needs have prompted NASA to seek and coordinate assessment from bot...
Nearly 20 million nuclear medicine procedures are carried out each year in the United States alone to diagnose and treat cancers, cardiovascular disease, and certain neurological disorders. Many of the advancements in nuclear medicine have been the result of research investments made during the past 50 years where these procedures are now a routine...
A range of natural earth materials, like arsenic or fluoride, have long been linked to significant human health effects. Improved understanding of the pervasive and complex interactions between earth materials and human health will require creative collaborations between earth scientists and public health professionals. At the request of the Nation...
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (U.S. Congress, 1970). Today the agency is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIOSH is charged with the responsibility to "conduct . . . research...
Citations
... Por esse motivo, tanto as pessoas que vivem com demência quanto seus cuidadores, sejam eles familiares ou não, precisam de orientação, educação e apoio para auxiliar nas atividades de vida diária e no planejamento e tomada de decisão, essenciais para permitir uma vida melhor. Além disso, precisam de serviços médicos e sociais que ajudem na organização e prestação de cuidados que garantam que ambas as partes, cuidadores e pessoas com demência, possam desfrutar de uma vida segura, social e engajada, e que nenhuma sofra danos emocionais, físicos ou financeiros 31 . ...
... While assessments report that in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, ''PHEMCE developed valuable and deliberative processes,'' the response to the pandemic required timely decisionmaking. 9 A former ASPR criticized the PHEMCE as ''not [reflecting] the urgency needed'' and claimed that ''PHEMCE proceedings created security vulnerabilities.'' 10 Considering these challenges, OWS, not PHEMCE, became the primary federal vehicle for the development of MCMs against COVID-19. ...
... 4 The demand for organ transplant continues to increase, and the gap between demand and supply of organs available and the number of patients waiting for a transplant continues to widen globally. 5,6 In the United States, the number of patients on transplant wait lists in 2018 was over 113 000. 4 In Germany, the number of donors has decreased one-third in the past decade, resulting in a more than 30% decline in organs retrieved in 2017. 7 God's revelation (that is, preservation of life and progeny) also encourages life-saving medical advancements. ...
... Clinically, the onset of Alzheimer's-type dementia is a slow process of cognitive deterioration. When the decline of cognitive functioning reaches a level that can be measured objectively, it is often referred to as mild cognitive impairment or mild neurocognitive disorder [6]. Petersen describes this as a "transitional period" between normal aging and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's-type dementia. ...
... Radiation, microgravity, altered atmospheric gas composition, isolation, and diet changes are some of the known stressors on humans in the space environment; these factors are expected to increase with mission duration and distance outside of low Earth orbit. 1,2 Examples of adverse human health effects during spaceflight include bone demineralization, 3 skeletal muscle atrophy, 4 cardiovascular deconditioning, 5 vestibular control, 6 immune system suppression, 7,8 and neuroocular ailments. 9 It is necessary to better understand how spaceflight factors affect human health in order to develop the countermeasures needed for safe and effective crewed space missions. ...
... Funding bodies, journal editors, and research regulators promote such sharing. [505][506][507][508][509][510][511][512][513] Although the principle of data sharing receives almost universal support, implementation is not easy. Any solution must comply with privacy and ethical regulations, ensure high-quality data standards, promote sensible data use, maintain incentives for researchers who collect data, and appropriately account for the true costs of data sharing. ...
... New challenges will be encountered because new vehicle designs and mission tasks will place unprecedented demands on astronauts' capabilities during a mission 2,3 , and health risks are expected to escalate with lengthening duration of exposure to the spaceflight environment and distance from Earth [4][5][6][7] . Those same extended spaceflights are expected to increase risk to the long-term health (LTH) of astronauts after the mission 8 . Finally, the Artemis missions, which will return astronauts to the Moon, consists of an integrated set of flight programs that have separate program managers and teams. ...
... Essentially, this framework illustrates that various causal relationships cannot be disentangled from one another. A holistic approach is needed to address any syndemic-especially a multifaceted problem such as SU in PWH in SSA, where access to treatment is limited, food insecurity is common, and stigma is pervasive [83][84][85][86]. ...
... Millions of Americans suffer from pain, which is a defining characteristic of many medical and psychiatric conditions, and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and disability (1)(2)(3). Research suggests that fear appraisal (i.e., predictions or interpretations of sensory input as threatening) plays an important role in the experience of pain (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). For example, studies have demonstrated that appraisal of innocuous sensory input as painful leads to experiencing pain, which in turn leads to further appraisal of threat and subsequent further increased pain, resulting in a self-reinforcing feedback loop (10)(11)(12). ...
... Various possible mechanisms have been proposed for the development of breast cancer, which may occur across multiple phases of life. Carcinogenesis is a result of accumulated damage from both spontaneous and environmentally induced events that contribute to cancer development through multiple stages, beginning with the alteration of cells from a normal healthy state [2]. At the cellof-origin level, two theories are suggested to be implicated in the process of carcinogenesis, namely the clonal evolution theory and the cancer stem cell theory [3]. ...
