Bjørn Stensaker's research while affiliated with Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education and other places
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Publications (186)
The European Union (EU) has repeatedly underlined the importance of higher education, research and innovation as drivers in the further development of Europe—economically, socially and culturally. One of the latest policy initiatives by the European Commission (EC) intended to promote this agenda is the European Universities Initiative (EUI) where...
As higher education quality assurance in many countries in Europe has become a mature activity, some agencies carrying out external quality assurance are developing beyond their core tasks and missions. The current study identifies new tasks taken up within quality assurance agencies and analyses the drivers behind such development. Based on an emp...
Higher education’s changing pact with society is a highly relevant factor for understanding recent developments in the relationship between higher education and society. A key aspect in these developments is the growing inter-country variety when it comes to public governance in general and higher education governance in particular, as illustrated...
The article identifies current trends with respect to the governance and management of institutional performance in higher education institutions and discusses how recent developments in this area can be interpreted. It is argued that performance governance is changing with respect to the way performances are documented, measured and disseminated....
Despite growing academic interest in understanding the conditions under which resilient organizations adapt to challenging circumstances, little attention to date has been paid to the role played by ‘soft’ factors such as identity as an enabler or property of resilient behaviour. In this chapter, we propose that different forms of legitimacy contri...
In recent decades, many higher education systems around the world have been exposed to institutional mergers. While the rationale for mergers has often been related to issues of improved quality, effectiveness and/or efficiency at the institutional level, fewer studies have analysed how mergers may affect institutional diversity within the higher e...
One of the key ambitions of universities around the world is to improve the educational design and delivery to the benefit of their students. Many universities acknowledge that they need to educate students for a future characterised by high levels of uncertainty in which individuals need to possess substantial confidence and competencies to naviga...
Internationalisation and globalisation are intertwined and complex phenomena that have attracted the interest of higher education scholars for several decades. This article offers some reflections on how research on internationalisation and globalisation has developed over the years and the perspectives that appear to have dominated these studies....
Numerous universities throughout the world have established top-level advisory boards – informal bodies and councils that the institutional leadership may consult on issues perceived as important. Through a series of qualitative interviews with members of such entities as well as representatives of the institutions appointing them, the article shed...
For several decades, higher education systems have undergone continuous waves of reform, driven by a combination of concerns about the changing labour needs of the economy, competition within the global-knowledge economy, and nationally competitive positioning strategies to enhance the performance of higher education systems. Yet, despite far-rangi...
Through analysis of the strategic ambitions of China’s top universities, this article studies the relationship between governance structures at the system level and strategic institutional adaptations. In China, some top universities are governed directly by the national authorities while others have regional affiliations. By analyzing the strategi...
Several countries have gained experience with some form of performance agreements in higher education. The Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) of the University of Twente has conducted a review of the performance agreements found in three countries: Denmark, the Netherlands and Ontario (Canada) 1. The lessons learned in these three c...
The quality of study programme delivery is currently framed by a number of contextual factors, including national and institutional requirements. However, few studies have been investigating the relationship between the quality work taking place at study program level and how this work is externally conditioned. In the current chapter, we study spe...
This introductory chapter lays out ‘quality work’ as the overarching concept for the entire book. The chapter discusses the current state of the art in the literature regarding quality in higher education and argues for the necessity of a new concept that connects research on organisational and pedagogical dimensions of quality in higher education....
The chapter identifies the rationales for and organization of internal quality systems in higher education institutions, and investigates how different rationales and ways of organizing quality systems play out in different institutions. Taking a starting point in three rationales for internal quality systems – as responses to external standards, a...
In the concluding chapter, key contributions and their relationships in this book are presented and discussed. By outlining quality work as a distinct but complementary concept to analyse quality in higher education, the chapter presents reflections and refinements concerning quality work. Having covered both the organisational and pedagogical dime...
This book focuses on quality work in higher education, and examines the relationship between the organizational and pedagogical dimensions of quality work in higher education. Bringing together different disciplinary traditions, including educational science, sociology, and organisational studies, it addresses the following principal research quest...
The concept of student partnership has attracted increased attention during the last decade, often due to an assumption that it can mitigate neo-liberal agendas and practices in teaching and learning. A review of definitions and understandings of student partnership models shows that most of the research conducted on this topic has been based on no...
This study examined how hierarchical positions within the global field of higher education influence the selection of strategic priorities by universities in different parts of the world. The study particularly focused on universities’ commitment to third missions as reflected in their strategic plans and compared to their global rankings. The find...
Book review: The responsible university – exploring the Nordic context and beyond (2019). Sørensen,
Mads, Geschwind, Lars, Kekäle, Juoni & Pinheiro, Rómulo (Eds.) PalgraveMacmillan
(Open access). https://10.1007/978-3-030-25646-3
Based on key governance and organisational characteristics from the 1970s universities have been conceptualised as organised anarchies and loosely coupled systems. More recently, a number of studies have argued that universities have been changing their internal governance and organisational structures leading to tighter vertical steering and the e...
Balancing excellence and diversity effectively in the higher education sector is one of the most challenging tasks for national governments. While a number of countries around the world have initiated university excellence schemes, it is more difficult to identify policy initiatives that also take into account how institutional diversity is to be e...
Evidence-informed policy and practice has been a trend as part of an effort to increase the use of research to improve education at all levels. In many countries, knowledge-brokering initiatives were established to stimulate links between research, policy, and practice. Drawing on a mapping of initiatives in seven countries, this article describes...
This chapter offers an analysis of evaluation practices in and around the universities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The analysis builds on a conceptual framework focussing on a typology of evaluation models and combines these with an actor’s perspective. The analysis shows that similar evaluation ideas and models have been implemented ac...
This chapter provides a brief description of how the four national systems included in this study—Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden—are currently organised and structured. In doing so, it illuminates several specific features such as the types and sizes of the institutions, enrolment patterns, performance measures, and funding. In addition, the...
Universities are public organisations, which operate in a highly institutionalised environment. They are heavily dependent on public resources. As such, universities are susceptible to shifts in governance arrangements but are also far from being passive recipients of reform agendas. They face demands from multiple internal constituencies (academic...
Purpose
In recent decades, higher education institutions have been encouraged to develop their own internal management systems as a response to perceived quality challenges in the sector. These quality management (QM) systems have often been found to mainly reflect external accountability requirements, with less focus on coherent study programme d...
Utdanningsledelse har blitt fremmet som et viktig tiltak for
å øke kvalitet i norsk høyere utdanning, men det har vært relativt
begrenset kunnskap om hva utdanningsledelse på studieprogramnivå
består av. Studieprogramledere har en viktig funksjon i koordineringen
av det faglige arbeidet i studieprogrammene, de er koblingspunktet
mellom pedagogisk a...
Based on the different contributions in the book, the current chapter reflects upon the relationship between impression management and the internal organization of universities. The chapter acknowledges how universities are adapting to processes of formalization, rationalization and impression management which—some suggest—transform the university...
Much research is currently addressing how to establish, maintain and govern stakeholder collaboration in higher education. In this article, the concept of shadow organising, i.e. stakeholder imitation of formal educational provision, is introduced to illustrate bottom-up, proactive ways to connect multiple autonomous organisations and stakeholder g...
The issue of quality enhancement within higher education has attracted considerable research interest and the article suggest that managerial and cultural approaches have thus far dominated the literature in the field. While acknowledging the importance of both management and culture, the article argues for the relevance of ‘quality work’ as a conc...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to address how issues of legitimacy are influencing the functioning and shaping of the field. The paper identifies key global agendas currently linked to the role of QA in the governance of higher education, the dependencies among key actors within the field and the possible directions of QA in the years to com...
It has been argued that universities are changing into becoming more professional as organizations, and this paper investigates this claim by exploring the emergence and tasks of communication departments in modern universities. Examination of universities in six Baltic and Nordic countries shows that communication departments are working closely w...
This chapter provides a historical analysis of the higher education enrolment patterns
in Norway going back to the beginning of the massification phase after World War
II. In so doing, it highlights the key dynamics facing the system as well as the dominant
policy logics and mechanisms according to the propositions regarding high participation
syst...
Higher education has become a central institution of society, building individual knowledge, skills, agency, and relational social networks at unprecedented depth and scale. Within a generation there has been an extraordinary global expansion of higher education, in every region in all but the poorest countries, outstripping economic growth and der...
As international and domestic policy initiatives continue to sweep over higher education, it is of utmost importance to study how those responsible for the implementation of the many initiatives taken perceive and respond to the many expectations about change and renewal. Through three different analytical perspectives — a managerial, a disciplinar...
Globalizing forces have both transformed the higher education sector and made it increasingly homogenous. Growing similarities among universities have been attributed to isomorphic pressures to ensure and/or enhance legitimacy by imitating higher education institutions that are perceived as successful internationally, particularly universities that...
The last two decades have witnessed an increasing intensity of quality management in higher education institutions and quality discourses which were followed by debates about and attempts of evaluating the efficacy of quality management in the sector. Accordingly, the article presents a SWOT analysis of impact evaluation of quality management in hi...
This article addresses how European policy initiatives in higher education, research and innovation are diffused in the European higher education research and education area. Based on an instrumental and an institutional perspective, specific expectations are developed as to how policy diffusion might unfold, and, through an in-depth analysis of th...
During the last few decades a high number of university alliances and strategic partnerships between higher education institutions have been established all over the world. This development can be interpreted in different ways and the article offer some theoretical perspectives relevant to understanding the emergence of and the engagement in instit...
Governments in Europe have emphasized the development of more autonomous public universities over the last couple of decades. Often, the aim of these reform policies has been to stimulate to a more competitive and agile higher education sector, where increased formal autonomy is perceived as a key condition to strengthen the strategic capacity of u...
Student success is often defined as students completing their degree, preferably within the estimated time to degree. However, if we apply this definition, student success is quite varied if we compare countries in Europe (OECD Education at a Glance 2013, Vossensteyn et al. 2015). The article identifies and discusses some system-level factors that...
This paper assesses the assumption that public research-intensive universities are conforming to external pressures and demands in similar ways. By analyzing the strategic plans of public research-intensive universities in Northern Europe and North America, we identify variations in how public and private dimensions of higher education are balanced...
The article presents an analysis of the developments of higher education laws and regulations in the Western Balkans for the period 1990–2015, with the aim of mapping the regulatory arrangements for the private higher education sector and to explore the relationship between public and private higher education in the region. Based on a conceptual fr...
This special issue is one of the first systematic attempts to map and investigate relevant transnational actors in European knowledge governance, highlighting the differences and commonalities in their structures, identities, and roles, as well as the links in which they are embedded, and the influence they can exert in knowledge policy formation....
Modern universities are increasingly fragmented due to increased professionalization and specialisation, which add to the complexity of academic development work. This situation warrants initiatives and actions that can facilitate a more collective, collaborative orientation among staff and students. Consequently, this article reflects on the facto...
Several university alliances have been established in Europe in an attempt to influence the development of policies in research and education. As such, these alliances can be seen as being new players in the increasingly complex multi-actor, multi-level governance in this policy domain. The paper compares two key university alliances in Europe; in...
The key questions in this chapter are: What strategy practices are actually in place at contemporary European universities? Is strategic action largely top-down, with much emphasis on design and execution of strategic plans? Or is strategic action much more characterized by an organic (bottom up) flow of events in which emergent strategies are key?...
Research universities have in recent years invested a lot of resources in developing their capacity to act and function as more strategic actors in research and teaching. This has resulted in an extensive expansion of activities that are labelled as academic development and a broadened scope of actors and initiatives in this area. The expansion of...
The chapter provides an introduction to the current challenges facing many research-intensive universities throughout the world. It is argued that issues related to teaching and learning are becoming more important as a way to improve competitiveness and an institution’s profile in a more globalised higher education sector. However, fostering chang...
In contemporary research-intensive universities, strategies are not only found at the institutional level but also at various sub-levels in the organisation. In principle, such multi-level strategies are assumed to be a means for institutional coordination in the sense that more generic strategic objectives may give room for local adaptation within...
Globally, universities are currently facing increased external demands to strengthen and develop their learning environments. The article examines how a sample of Norwegian universities responds to governmental demands concerning establishing good learning environments. Based on document analysis and interviews, the article demonstrates that the co...
Burton R. Clark's 1998 book, Creating Entrepreneurial Universities, has had a major impact on the field of higher education, especially internationally. In this paper, key aspects of Clark's conceptualisation of organisational pathways of transformation are identified, speaking to its theoretical and empirical contributions to higher education stud...
Global university rankings currently attract considerable attention, and it is often assumed that such rankings may cause universities to prioritize activities and outcomes that will have a positive effect in their ranking position. A possible consequence of this could be the spread of a particular model of an “ideal” university. This article tests...
One of the most significant European higher education reform initiatives of the last decade is the introduction of a European Qualification Framework (EQF) emphasizing Learning Outcomes (LOs) in higher education. The EQF is offered as a reform to contribute to increased transparency and mobility, and also implies a certain degree of standardization...
While the establishment of quality assurance has been seen for decades as the most significant instrument to secure and enhance the quality of teaching and learning in higher education, the concept of developing more specific learning outcomes has in recent years attracted much interest, not least due to the creation of national qualification frame...
Et typisk kjennetegn ved moderne studieprogrammer er at de består av en rekke ulike emner som er tenkt å utgjøre en helhet. Hvorvidt studieprogrammer alltid kjennetegnes av en slik helhet kan det likevel settes spørsmålstegn ved. I våre dager fremheves gjerne utdanningsledelse som et sentralt virkemiddel for å styrke sammenhengen og progresjonen i...
Qualification frameworks are spreading rapidly, not least in Europe following the introduction of the European Qualification Framework. The impact of such frameworks are contested, and the article contributes to this debate by analyzing how a selected group of different study programs in Norwegian higher education is adapting to the newly launched...
This chapter provides an overview and analysis of mergers in Norwegian higher education. We distinguish between three phases of mergers: state-initiated forced mergers of regional colleges in the first half of the 1990s, voluntary merger initiatives and mergers between higher education institutions from the turn of the millennium to 2013, and state...
In this paper an attempt is made to highlight the opportunities and challenges
of higher education in Africa. Of course, it is very difficult to explain the details
of the opportunities and challenges of higher education systems of such a big and
diverse continent like Africa in such a short essay. Modern higher education, in
a relative term, has a...
In the immediate post-Sputnik era, Clark Kerr saw America’s breed of universities as “multiversities,” characterized by growing enrollment, an increasingly diversified academic community, and as the emerging driver of knowledge production and innovation (Kerr 2001: xi). This is now a widely shared vision throughout the world. Governments have provi...
This report is produced in the framework of the project “Quality of Norwegian Higher Education: Pathways, Practices and Performances”, funded through the program Research and Innovation in the Educational Sector (FINNUT), Research Council Norway (RCN). The focus of the study is on exploring quality issues related to the educational provision of hig...
One can, in principle, identify numerous arguments for mergers in higher education (HE), including efficiency, diversity, quality, and regional needs. This diversity can be explained by the growing societal interest in the sector, not least concerning the contributions from HE to society at large. However, research on merger processes has tended to...
In this paper, the theoretical perspectives and general methodological elements of impact evaluation of quality assurance in higher education institutions are discussed, which should be a cornerstone of quality development in higher education and contribute to improving the knowledge about the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of quality assurance...
The aim of the article is to provide a framework in which the organisational impact of external quality assurance (EQA) can be assessed. Based on existing studies of the impact of EQA in universities and colleges it is suggested that greater systematisation of how impact is measured is needed for a better understanding of how EQA can be used as a p...
Organizational identity can be designed to reduce the risks of uncertainty about future states of public organizations and the inherent potential issues related to evaluation and assessment. As such, organizational identity may shape a congruent and credible self-representation of the university, where a consistent narrative articulates compliance...
Quality assurance is currently an established activity in Europe, driven either by
national quality assurance agencies or by institutions themselves. However,
whether quality assurance is perceived as actually being capable of promoting
quality is still a question open to discussion. Based on three different views on
quality derived from the litera...
In pursuit of the European Union’s (EU’s) agenda to promote public sector reform in countries beyond the member states, the EU has relied on softer instruments to induce domestic reforms through technical and financial support. The impact and durability of such measures are contested and the research findings are mixed. This article examines the Te...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyze how appointed leaders in Norwegian higher education perceive their role and influence, and their discretion as academic leaders.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper applies strategic, cultural and political perspectives on leadership to investigate the understanding and perceptions held by acad...
The study provides an insight into student perspectives on quality in higher education, using Harvey and Green conceptualizations as the point of departure, and exploring the linkages between the views on quality, the developments of the Bologna Process and related national reforms, as well as students' motivation for and expectations from higher e...
Universities are often portrayed as, and have been found to be, quite stable organizational forms where it is difficult to initiate and implement change. However, numerous empirical studies have also found that universities are undoubtedly changing both due to internal developments and external dynamics. The paper explores this seemingly contradict...
This article investigates the form of European universities to determine the extent to which they resemble the characteristics of complete organizations and whether the forms are associated with modernization policy pressure, national institutional frames and organizational characteristics. An original data set of twenty-six universities from eight...
One common way of conceptualising recent changes in university governance is by stating that the universities are being pushed towards a market-like setting where the uniqueness of each university's strategy and capacity for introducing organizational change is seen as necessary to improve the functioning of the university. We argue that the strate...
The aim of the current study is to analyze the strategic plans of nineteen U.S. and continental European research-intensive universities to determine how these plans situate the public and private dimensions of these universities' missions. We are particularly interested in understanding what these strategic plans tell us about how these universiti...
This article discusses how teaching excellence is prescribed by policy-makers and perceived by higher education institutions in the national competition for teaching excellence (Wettbewerb Exzellente Lehre) in Germany. Teaching excellence has become an important topic around the world. Its importance can be seen in the increase in policy initiative...
There is a growing body of literature shedding light on processes of strategy making within public universities. Yet, to date, only a handful of studies have analysed the role that organizational identity plays in such processes. This paper addresses this knowledge gap, by investigating how identity mediates processes of organizational change acros...
European higher education has witnessed a substantial growth in regulatory arrangements in external quality assurance (EQA) during the last couple of decades. This current article describes the central characteristics and trajectories of this expansion, and discusses drivers of this development drawing on an institutional perspective. Empirically,...
The emergence and development of quality assurance schemes in European countries over the last 15–20 years has inspired many national case studies of the systems and procedures adopted. The methods, contexts, and procedures associated with this policy change are diverse. But although individual countries have set about changing policy in different...
In most European countries, the Nordic region included, higher education (HE) has undergone a profound transformation in the last couple of decades. This process is partly a result of substantial changes in society - such as declining birth rates, an ageing population and the rise of a global knowledge-based economy - in tandem with broad policy ef...
While external quality assurance (EQA) can be seen as one of the most visible results of European integration through the Bologna process in the last few decades, new developments might question whether the field of quality assurance is actually driven by the search for convergence at the European level. This chapter identifies some current trends...
This chapter discusses the benefits and challenges related to external quality auditing of higher education. By reviewing literature on the topic, and by presenting some recent results from a meta-review of an audit process in Norway, it is shown how audit can be a fruitful tool for enhancing reflection and discussion on a number of issues. Still,...
Historisk har doktorgradsløpet endret karakter fra å ha et individuelt fokus sterkt knyttet til doktoranden og forholdet til veileder til et større fokus på lærestedets ansvar for kandidatene. Artikkelen diskuterer sentrale internasjonale og nasjonale utviklingstrekk som omhandler denne utviklingen, og viser hvordan man lærestedene over tid har tat...
Much research has been undertaken to investigate the cultural, structural and, to some extent, the economic effects of mergers in higher education. However, surprisingly little research has been done on why higher education institutions decide to merge. This article identifies and discusses a number of structural factors that may play a role when r...
Drawing from a seminal article by Burton Clark that appeared in 2004 in Higher Education Policy, this paper examines the influence of organization studies in higher education policy research over the last 25 years and highlights the potential contributions for future inquiry. It argues that analysis has mainly tackled policy reforms and their impac...
Universities worldwide are facing enormous strains as a result of increased external expectations where global visibility should be mixed with local and regional utility. In debates on the future of higher education, becoming an entrepreneurial university has been highlighted as a novel – although perhaps a more hybrid – way to deal with this chall...
Becoming an entrepreneurial university has been identified as the solution to the problems facing contemporary higher education systems. The idea of becoming an entrepreneurial university can be seen as the result of a more globalised higher education sector where the domestic and institution-specific characteristics of universities are downplayed...
Purpose: To identify those factors that key actors in university governance hold to be important in realizing strategic change within their institutions.
Design: Key decision-makers in 26 European universities were surveyed on their views on which factors bring about strategic change. The results were interpreted using a theoretical framework empha...
Citations
... Abbott, 2005;Scott, 2008b). Universities are important sites for knowledge production and education of an increasing proportion of the population in the times of mass higher education (Cantwell et al., 2018;Marginson, 2016). Professions are elite occupations, garnering status and income from protected labour markets justified by their unique expertise grounded in specialized bodies of knowledge (Macdonald, 1995;Saks, 2012;M. ...
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... Good governance contributes significantly to improved performance in higher education by enhancing the quality of education (Huisman & Stensaker, 2022). The focus of good governance is on the way the institution sets policies, generates funds, uses the funds, prepares teachers, develops curricula, and administers the institution (Greenhalgh, 2015). ...
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... It also depends on whether there are objective conditions to ensure the integration of resources, knowledge, and capital advantages. According to the social capital theory, the diversity of entrepreneurial teams (the higher the fault line, the greater the diversity) can provide rich, comprehensive, high-quality information, and broader social connections for the transaction integration and other related decisions in cross-border behaviors (Geschwind et al., 2022). Entrepreneurial teams with high the heterogeneity of entrepreneurial teams or high heterogeneous backgrounds have advantages in social capital accumulation and expansion (Bajgori et al., 2022). ...
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... Likewise, external calls for a more active role of publicly funded universities and other types of higher education institutions (HEIs) in helping to tackle the grand challenges facing societies, both locally and globally, have resulted in the rise of a 'responsibility agenda' in HE, centred around the notion of relevance (for a recent account in the Nordic context, see Sørensen et al., 2019). At the meso level, relevance and/or excellence are now part and parcel of the strategic platforms of Nordic HEIs across the board (Frølich & Stensaker, 2021). ...
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... However, some see 'glonacal' merely as a synonym for 'global', with the multi-scalar idea a bridge too far. In a summary of literature on international and global higher education, Lee and Stensaker (2021) note three differing propositions: the role of nation-states is declining; the nationstate remains important; and institutions adapt to global norms (which could be compatible with each of the other two). This indicates that within higher education studies, there is still little clarity on a central spatial issue. ...
... In the context of quality education, the establishment of university, college/faculty, and departmental councils could provide a check and balance mechanism, in addition to an appropriate venue for thoughtful deliberations [42,43]. Similarly, the formation of advisory boards with representation from industry, the community, academia, government, and other stakeholders could help in strengthening the industry-academia liaison and minimize the skill gaps for the future employment of students [44,45]. ...
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... Denne kompleksiteten kan også sies å vaere et fremtredende trekk ved hvordan studieprogrammer er organisert i norsk høyere utdanning (Solbrekke & Stensaker, 2016). Studieprogrammer har for eksempel en tydelig juridisk dimensjon ved at studentene har krav på forutsigbarhet og rettsikkerhet knyttet til opptak og gjennomføring av sine studier. ...
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... The aim of these agreements is for the government and universities to agree on a set of goals usually in terms of the number of students and research outputs and thus base the funding allocations on performance achieved according to these agreements. Scholars of performance-based funding models in HE have shown that these agreements vary greatly in terms of the measures they use, the efficiency with which they are functioning, and the impact they have on the performance of HE systems (Dougherty et al., 2016;Dougherty & Reddy, 2013;Jongbloed & de Boer, 2020;Jongbloed, Kaiser, & Westerheijden, 2020;Birdsall, 2018;Leišytė & Dee, 2012;Melo & Figueiredo, 2020). ...
Reference: Academic Careerism
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