Benoît Sauphanor's research while affiliated with French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE) and other places
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Publications (142)
Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera: Syrphidae) is one of the most efficient biocontrol agents against Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in apple orchards due to its early arrival. However, releasing flying predators in open orchards may be risky. We thus evaluated the combined effects of biological (early release of syrphids)...
The aim of this paper is to provide detailed data on the reproduction of the European earwig Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) under natural conditions. We also describe its spring field population structure and dynamics in organic apple orchards in southeastern France using artificial and natural shelters. Two nymph cohorts...
The interactions between specialist and generalist natural enemies could affect the success of biological pest control, especially in augmentation programmes. The aim of this laboratory study was to quantitate the individual and combined effects of the generalist predator Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and the specialist Episyr...
Augmentative biological control is not commonly used in commercial orchards. We used an exclusion system to evaluate the potential of early-season releases of the European earwig (
Forficula auricularia
L., Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for control of the rosy apple aphid (
Dysaphis plantaginea
Passerini, Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the spring of 2009 in...
Apple orchardists are encouraged to adopt pest control strategies with less pesticide use and thus less harmful environmental impacts. In this study, we compared the possible effects of organic, integrated pest management (IPM), and conventional protection strategies on the rosy apple aphid-ant-natural enemy communities in 12 apple orchards in sout...
Thirty-five codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella L., Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) populations collected in different commercial orchards in six European countries were tested for their susceptibility to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M). Including previously published data on CpGV-M resistance, a total of 38 CM colonies showed considerably elevated L...
In this study, we investigated the elements that must be considered to obtain a clear and useful assessment of sustainability. We present a system-description tool created especially for life cycle assessment (assessment of energy use and ecotoxicity), environmental risk assessment, and full-cost calculations. Using the various results from these a...
In 2004, resistance to a commercial formulation of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) was identified in a field population of Cydia pomonella from an organic orchard in southern France. The genetic inheritance of this resistance was analysed in the resistant laboratory strain RGV. This strain was obtained using successive crosses between the r...
The present study focused on the dispersal patterns in the codling moth because such information is fundamental for determining the dynamics and genetics of the pest populations and for developing efficient management programmes.
We implemented mark–release–recapture experiments (MRR) with both male and female codling moths of two laboratory and on...
Insecticide‐based management programmes targeting codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), in apple orchards in southern France have incurred increasing levels of fruit injury in recent years. An alternative programme incorporating the use of exclusion netting named Alt'carpo has been developed. This study aimed a...
Crop protection in general and apple crop protection in particular often rely on pesticides, although several alternative pest management measures are available. In this context European agricultural policy requires the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by 2014. Within IPM, more than one strategy can be practiced but selecting the...
The design of crop–pest management systems in the context of integrated fruit production (IFP) is a complex decision-making process for which model-based design approaches are of growing interest. In this study, such an approach was developed to enhance the management of the Prunus persica (L.) Batsch–Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididiae)...
Codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the most important insect pest of apple production in Europe. Despite the economic importance of this pest, there is not information about the genetic structure of its population in Greece and the patterns of gene-flow which might affect the success of control programs. In this study, we...
Although several alternative pest management strategies are available, crop protection in general and apple crop protection in particular often relies on pesticides. This is largely because multiple environmental and economic aspects or attributes must be simultaneously considered by crop managers, which makes it difficult for them to determine whe...
Recent European incentive policies clearly targeted decreasing pesticide use in all agricultural systems as a key option to
reduce environmental hazards and health risks. To reduce pesticide use is challenging in orchards where pesticides are recurrently
applied to control numerous pests and diseases, but crucial to improve fruit production sustain...
Résumé
Reconnu comme agent régulateur des populations aphidiennes de diverses cultures, Forficula auricularia L. est également décrit comme potentiellement actif sur les Homoptéres Psyllidae. Nous avons évalué en conditions de laboratoire puis semi‐contrôlées en verger les composantes numériques et spatiales de la prédation de F. auricularia sur le...
Un comportement d'agrégation est fréquemment observé chez les larves et les adultes de Forficula auricularia L. L'hypothèse d'un controle phéromonal de ce comportement est confirmée expérimentalement par un test biologique qui, en condition de choix, met en évidence le regroupement des forficules dans des abris déjà visités par d'autres individus d...
In southern Brazilian apple (Malus spp.) orchards, predominantly organophosphates are used to control the oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), but control failures often occur. Therefore the susceptibility of three C. molesta Brazilian populations was investigated to five insecticides of different groups and modes...
The codling moth Cydia pomonella L is controlled mostly with chemical insecticides in Greece and control failures have been reported. However, there are no insecticide resistance studies in the country as yet. We examined the insecticide resistance status of 33 and 38 populations of fifth-instar non-diapausing and diapausing larvae, respectively by...
Despite the frequent and widespread applications of organophosphates against Cydia pomonella this species has developed low levels of resistance to this chemical group. Investigations concerning the mechanisms involved in resistance are scarce, and usually consider only one of the potential mechanisms. With the aim of a better understanding the res...
Conventional agriculture is based on a high level of chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilisers, leading to serious environmental impacts, health risks and loss of biodiversity in agrosystems. The reduction of pesticide use is a priority for intensively sprayed agricultural systems such as orchards. The preservation and promotion of biodive...
Efficient pest control using conservation strategies requires sound knowledge of the dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies (NE). But the role of natural regulation under natural conditions is not easy to prove. The rosy apple aphid (RAA) Dysaphis plantaginea is the most detrimental aphid in organic apple orchards. Our aim was to determine wh...
Aphid populations, including a widespread pest, Myzus persicae, are known to be affected by cultural practices, plant growth and natural regulation, but their control in orchards most frequently relies on regular treatments aiming to avoid direct damage and virus transmission. This study aimed first at characterising farmers’ management strategies...
Nitrogen fertilization and winter pruning are commonly used to control crop production in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchards. They are also known to affect the dynamics of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) aphid populations via bottom-up regulation processes. Interactions between crops and pests can cause complex system behavi...
The mechanisms associated with resistance of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to organophosphate insecticides in pome fruit orchards have been shown to depend on the area. Our objectives were to evaluate the susceptibility of Spanish codling moth populations to chlorpyrifos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, and phosalone, and th...
Conventional agriculture is based on a high level of chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilisers, leading to serious environmental impacts, health risks and loss of biodiversity in agrosystems. The reduction of pesticide use is a priority for intensively sprayed agricultural systems such as orchards. The preservation and promotion of biodive...
The developmental rate of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is supposed to be directly proportional to air temperature between the lower and upper developmental thresholds. However, some review papers suggest that insect species have a higher developmental rate when reared in thermoperiodic conditions as compared with c...
Envisager une régulation durable des insectes ravageurs dans les vergers
est un enjeu agricole majeur depuis plusieurs décennies. Pour y parvenir,
une meilleure connaissance de leurs liens avec les arbres fruitiers et les
organismes auxiliaires sous l’influence des pratiques culturales est
indispensable, tout comme une appréciation de l’effet de la...
The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for many years as biological agent for codling moth control in apple orchards. Resistance to the Mexican
strain of CpGV was detected in orchards in Germany, France and Italy. A laboratory insect colony was started from insects
collected in a French resistant orchard. It was named RGV. Various vi...
The activity of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferases (GST), mixed-function oxidases (MFO), and esterases (EST)) and the presence of insensitive variants of target proteins (sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase) were examined in individual male and female codling moths. Twenty-nine populations from 11 countries and two laboratory strai...
Managing the spatial distribution of crop and non-crop habitats over landscapes could be used as a means to reduce insect
pest densities. In this study, we investigated whether or not landscape characteristics affected the number of codling moths
in commercial orchards. To do this, we collected overwintering larvae in 2006 and 2007 in 76 orchards o...
La mise en place de méthodes de lutte alternatives contre certains insectes, des conversions accrues en agriculture biologique, et à l'opposé une intensification de la lutte contre des ravageurs résistants aux pesticides, font aujourd'hui apparaître des stratégies de protection contrastées en arboriculture fruitière. Les vergers peu traités constit...
Managing the spatial distribution of crop and non-crop habitats over landscapes could be used as a means to reduce insect pest densities. In this study, we investigated whether or not landscape characteristics affected the number of codling moths in commercial orchards. To do this, we collected overwintering larvae in 2006 and 2007 in 76 orchards o...
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for 15 years as a bioinsecticide in codling moth (Cydia pomonella) control. In 2004, some insect populations with low susceptibility to the virus were detected for the first time in southeast
France. RGV, a laboratory colony of codling moths resistant to the CpGV-M isolate used in the field, was est...
Orchards encounter strong protection problems, because of both the demand of high standards of visual quality that requires an intensive use of pesticides, and the current adaptation of pests and diseases to those pesticides. Facing these problems while preserving production and quality and being attentive to the preservation of the environment, su...
Because of the various negative side effects of intensive chemical pest control practices, there is a shift in horticulture towards the adoption of alternative approaches for crop protection. In order to characterise and evaluate management strategies being used, we carried out comprehensive interviews to obtain details of the peach orchard protect...
Codling moth larvae from 23 orchards located in five European countries were tested for their susceptibility/resistance to the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M) in standardized laboratory bioassays. Farmers observed in several of these populations reduced susceptibility to CpGV-M treatment. For each C. pomonella strain, the percentage of larvae...
Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) calls for an adaptation of production processes to improve crop quality and environmental safety. This approach gives priority to alternative methods of pest control. Our study investigates the potential of management scenarios that integrate chemical, biological (inundative release of Harmonia axyridis ladybirds)...
The understanding of actual farmer practices is essential to identify the constraints for the adoption of new integrated pest management strategies. From data collected in 2006 in 71 randomised pear and apple orchards in a small production area in south France, our objective was to comprehend the management practices against codling moth (Cydia pom...
Single row hail nets (3x7.4mm) modified to wrap up whole tree canopies, named Alt’Carpo, were evaluated as a way of control of orchard lepidopteran pests. A two years study was conducted in a 10 rows experimental apple orchard in Southern France, together with large field trials in commercial orchards. The experimental orchard was insecticide free...
Since 2004, some codling moth (Cydia pomonella) populations resistant to the Mexican isolate of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M) were detected in different organic orchards in Western Europe. A resistant laboratory colony of codling moth (RGV) was built by introgression of the resistance character in a susceptible laboratory colony (Sv). The r...
Three apple orchard systems were planted in 2005 to assess agronomic and environmental effects of different pest management regimes: organic farming (OG), conventional supervised (SV) and low-input (LI) systems. Three apple cultivars presenting different susceptibility to scab were planted in each system: Ariane (Vf-resistant), Melrose (low-suscept...
ENDURE (www.endure-network.eu) is a European Network of Excellence which aims to the reduction of insecticide use in European agriculture, and the identification of gaps of knowledge in pest control science. Among the diverse actions of this network, a survey of the state of the art of control strategies of codling moth, apple scab and brown spot i...
Apple fruit production requires the application of numerous pesticides, mostly targeted against scab, codling moth and aphids. A Principal Component Analysis of the protection practices in 54 randomized apple orchards of a small production area near Avignon, in south-eastern France, produced 4 groups of growers relying on the protection strategy ag...
Rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the most detrimental aphid species in European organic apple orchards. This study aimed to evaluate the natural regulation of D. plantaginea and the effect of installing hail nets on this regulation. The study was carried out during spring 2008 in one experimental apple o...
A wide range of methods has been used for monitoring resistance in Cydia pomonella L. However, the results from specific tests are not always concordant and they generate doubts over the extent to which the data represent the field situation. Therefore, the variability in the expression of resistance mechanisms and in resistance ratios between deve...
Winter tree pruning is a cultural practice known to modify vegetative growth, which is likely to affect the development of pests. However, it has been poorly addressed as a cultural control method for diminishing the population levels of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Ros...
The effect of codling moth Cydia pomonella management on the arthropod community and on the natural enemies of pests was analysed from 2001 to 2003 in both the tree canopy and the grass cover of three experimental apple orchards under different management strategies: supervised control of codling moth based on chemical protection (C); mating disrup...
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is renowned for developing resistance to insecticides and causing significant economic damage to pome fruits worldwide. In spite of its economic importance, little is known about the patterns of movement of this pest and the effects of insecticide treatment on the population genetic structure. Here, we investigate...
Only a few of the registered insecticides against Cydia pomonella L. are still effective in areas where insecticide resistance has emerged in this pest. Resistance mechanisms are multiple, and their lone or cumulative effects in a single population are not completely understood. A detailed estimation of resistance spectrum is still required to defi...
Four populations of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. were collected as overwintering larvae from apple orchards with different pesticide pressure (S. Michele, Roncafort, Revò and Vervò) in the Trento province (northern Italy). Mortality rate caused by a predetermined discriminating concentration of tebufenozide topically applied on overwintering l...
The behavioral and electroantennographic responses of Cydia pomonella (L.) to the ripe pear volatile ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate (Et-E,Z-DD), were compared in insecticide-susceptible and -resistant populations originating from southern France. A dose-response relationship to this kairomonal attractant was established for antennal activity and di...
Regular applications of insecticides have been the main management practice against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Chile. Organophosphates are the most widely used insecticides, and azinphos-methyl is an important element in spray programs. In particular, we evaluated diagnostic doses of azinphos-methyl on neonate...
Although chemical aspects of plant-insect relationships are largely studied, the effect of within-plant structure on insects is seldom investigated, especially in perennial crops. In fruit production, the manipulation of tree architecture is generally considered to be involved in pest development through considerations of "tree vigour" or branching...
[Article in French]
Dans le Sud-est de la France, une grande majorité des populations du carpocapse des pommes a
développé des résistances à la plupart des insecticides chimiques employés. Les mécanismes de
résistance impliqués ont cependant des effets secondaires sur la phénologie de cet insecte. En
comparaison des individus sensibles, un développ...
The effect of tree architecture on the development of the main apple pests and pathogens was investigated from 2002 to 2005 at the INRA Gotheron experimental station. The original Solaxe (OS) was compared to the centrifugal training (CT) system, in which the thinning out of fruiting spurs along the trunk and on the proximal and underside parts of b...
Two strains of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were selected in the lab by exposure to increasing concentrations of diflubenzuron (Rdfb strain) or azinphos-methyl (Raz strain). Insecticide bioassays showed that the adults of the Rdfb strain exhibited a 2.6-fold and a 7.7-fold resistance ratio to azinphos-methyl and carbaryl, respect...
Centrifugal training, based on the extinction procedure, is an innovative type of apple tree training recently used in French apple orchards. A thinning cut of fruiting spurs along the trunk and on the proximal and underside parts of the fruiting branches modifies the within-tree leaf density and light environment, which is likely to affect the dev...
La conduite centrifuge est actuellement développée en verger de pommiers pour son intérêt agronomique. Dans un verger expérimental conduit en Agriculture Biologique (AB), l'introduction de cette innovation dans l'itinéraire technique a été étudiée depuis 2002, pour ses effets potentiels sur le développement des bio-agresseurs.
The impact of conventional, organic, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies of apple orchards on the reproduction of the great tit Parus major was investigated during a three-year period in southeastern France. The colonization process, egg-laying dates, clutch sizes, and fledging success were similar among pairs of P. major nesting in orc...
Oviposition in wild codling moth females, collected as overwintering larvae from apple, pear and walnut, was stimulated by volatiles from fruit-bearing green branches of these respective hostplants. Analysis of headspace collections showed that eight compounds present in apple, pear and walnut elicited a reliable antennal response in codling moth f...
Populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) have developed resistance to several classes of insecticide such as benzoylureas, juvenile hormone analogues, ecdysone agonists and pyrethroids, but the corresponding resistance mechanisms have not been extensively studied. Knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecti...
Abstract Twenty-four microsatellite markers were isolated using an enrichment protocol in Cydia pomonella, the major Lepidopteran pest in apple orchards. Twenty-two loci turned out to be polymorphic (four to 23 alleles per loci). Only four of these loci cross-amplified and are potentially polymorphic in some other Tortricid pests such as Cydia mole...
In the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L), insecticide resistance genes have been associated with pleiotropic effects affecting phenology. In this paper, we investigated whether an increase in the frequency of insecticide resistance in field populations of C pomonella was likely to entail significant divergences in the temporal occurrence of both sus...
Correspondance: sylvaine.simon@avignon.inra.fr
Studies on the impact of the pear volatile ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) on the behaviour of newly-hatched Cydia po-monella (L.) larvae were conducted. In general, on apple and pear fruits treated with the pear ester, the number of C. pomonella larvae that entered the fruit was lower than on untreated fruits, and so was the damage cause...