Benjamin Carroll’s research while affiliated with West Chester University and other places

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Publications (26)


Fig. 2. Overall summary of dating domain results, stratified by videos showing individuals with or without (A) mild-to-moderate TD or (B) moderate-to-severe TD movements. Distribution of participants' survey responses in the dating domain, stratified by videos showing people without TD (control group) and with TD (test group). Participants were able to respond using 1 of the following ratings: 1) strongly disagree, 2) disagree, 3) neutral, 4) agree, 5) strongly agree. TD, tardive dyskinesia.
Participant responses (strongly agree/agree) stratified by dating and friendship domain videos showing individuals with/without TD
An Experimental Study to Assess the Professional and Social Consequences of Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2022

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78 Reads

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6 Citations

Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience

Rajeev Ayyagari

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Debbie Goldschmidt

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Benjamin Carroll

Objective: Antipsychotic medications may cause tardive dyskinesia (TD), an often-irreversible movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements that are typically stereotypic, choreiform, or dystonic and may impair quality of life. This study evaluated others' perceptions of abnormal TD movements in professional and social situations. Methods: This was an experimental, randomized, blinded, digital survey in a general population sample. Participants were randomized 1:1 into a test or control group to view a video of a professional actor simulating TD movements or no TD movements prior to completing surveys on employment, dating, and friendship domains. Assessments for mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe TD movements were conducted separately. Authenticity of abnormal movements and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores were evaluated by physician experts. Results: Surveys were completed by 2,400 participants each for mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe TD. In all domains, participants responded significantly less favorably to persons with TD movements (both mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe) than those without TD movements. Fewer participants in the test versus control group for mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe TD, respectively, considered the candidate as a potential employee (29.2% and 22.7% fewer), found him/her attractive (20.5% and 18.7% fewer), and were interested in becoming friends with him/her (12.3% and 16.5% fewer). Conclusion: Professional actors simulating TD movements were perceived more negatively than those without TD movements in employment, dating, and friendship domains. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized study to quantify professional and social stigma associated with TD movements that may reduce opportunities for gainful employment, marital status, and an effective support system.

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Fig. 1 Sample selection for the BD and MDD groups. Patients were selected for case and control cohorts from a Medicaid claims database representing six US states and the most recent 6 years of data as detailed in Methods. BD: bipolar disorder; ICD-9/10: International Classification of Diseases, 9th/10th Revision; MDD: major depressive disorder. 1 Diagnoses for BD were based on ICD-9 codes 296.0x, 296.1x, 296.4x, 296.5x, 296.6x, 296.7x, or 296.8x; and ICD-10 codes F30.x and F31.x from the Medicaid claims database (the most recent 6 years for data of each state). 2 Diagnoses for MDD were based on ICD-9 codes 296.2x and 296.3x; and ICD-10 codes F32.x and F33.x from the Medicaid claims database (the most recent 6 years for data of each state). 3 Cases were defined as patients at a stable monotherapy dose for a ≥ 90-day period and then experienced an ≥10% dose reduction during the same monotherapy period. The first prescription date for the dose reduction fill was defined as a dose reduction starting date and was a potential index date. 4 Controls were defined as patients who did not have a dose reduction and who had a stable dose monotherapy period that lasted for ≥91 days. The first prescription fill after the first 90 days of this stable dose monotherapy period was defined as a potential index date. 5 Exclusion was based on dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid and the inability to capture drug claim information through Medicare claims. 6 Cases were not included in the subsequent analysis if they could not be adequately matched on all of the matching characteristics, including: age, sex, type of health plan, state, index drug (first-vs second-generation antipsychotic), and index year
Baseline Characteristics of Patients With ≥10% Antipsychotic Dose Reduction in the BD and MDD Groups
Patient claims analyzed for BD-related inpatient admissions after ≥10% dose reductions of antipsychotic medication. Outcomes for case and control cohorts were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and compared using a log-rank test. The number of patients at risk is represented for each time point. Case and control cohorts for ≥10%, N = 23,992 each. CI: confidence interval; BD: bipolar disorder
Patient claims analyzed for MDD-related inpatient admissions after ≥10% dose reductions of antipsychotic medication. Outcomes for case and control cohorts were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and compared using a log-rank test. The number of patients at risk is represented for each time point. Case and control cohorts for ≥10%, N = 17,766 each. CI: confidence interval; MDD: major depressive disorder
Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reduction in mood disorders: implications for treatment of tardive dyskinesia

July 2020

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75 Reads

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9 Citations

BMC Psychiatry

Abstract Background The relative benefits and risks of long-term maintenance treatment with antipsychotics have not been well studied in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. For example, while antipsychotic dose reduction has been recommended in the management of serious side effects associated with antipsychotics, there is limited evidence on the impact of lowering doses on the course of underlying mood disorders. Methods This retrospective cohort study analyzed the impact of antipsychotic dose reduction in patients with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. Medical claims from six US states over a 6-year period were analyzed for patients with ≥10% or ≥ 30% reductions in antipsychotic dose (cases) and compared using survival analyses with matched controls receiving a stable dosage. Outcomes included hospitalizations for disease-specific mood disorders, other psychiatric disorders and all-cause emergency room visits, and claims for tardive dyskinesia. Results A total of 23,992 patients with bipolar disorder and 17,766 with major depressive disorder had a ≥ 10% dose reduction, while 19,308 and 14,728, respectively, had a ≥ 30% dose reduction. In multivariate analyses, cases with a ≥ 10% dose reduction had a significantly increased risk of disease-specific admission (bipolar disorder: hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.22 [1.15–1.31]; major depressive disorder: 1.22 [1.11–1.34]), other psychiatric admission (bipolar disorder: 1.19 [1.13–1.24]; major depressive disorder: 1.17 [1.11–1.23]), all-cause admission (bipolar disorder: 1.17 [1.12–1.23]; major depressive disorder: 1.11 [1.05–1.16]), and all-cause emergency room visits (bipolar disorder: 1.09 [1.05–1.13]; major depressive disorder: 1.07 [1.02–1.11]) (all P


116 An Experimental Study to Assess the Professional and Social Consequences of Tardive Dyskinesia

April 2020

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12 Reads

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2 Citations

CNS spectrums

Study Objective Evaluate the impact of orofacial tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms on the professional and social lives of patients with TD. Background TD, a movement disorder affecting the face and extremities, may arise in patients taking antipsychotics. The impact of social stigma on the professional and social lives of patients with orofacial manifestations of TD has not been thoroughly examined. Methods This study is an experimental, randomized digital survey of a general population sample. Three component surveys were developed, corresponding to employment, dating, and friendship domains. For each domain, participants were randomized 1:1 into either a test group (who viewed a video of a scripted interview with a standardized patient actor depicting TD movements) or a control group (who viewed the same actors but without TD movements), and asked about their impressions of the video subject. Actor simulations were validated by physicians familiar with TD and rehearsed to simulate a total Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale score between 6 and 10. Statistical comparison was made using Wilcoxon sign-rank or chi-squared tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Results A total of 800 respondents completed each survey. In all domains, respondents had more-negative perceptions of actors portraying TD movements than of the same actors without movements. Regarding employment, 34.8% fewer respondents in the test group versus the control group agreed that the actor would be suitable for client-facing jobs (P<0.001). Regarding dating, the proportions of respondents who agreed that they would like to continue talking to the actor and who would be interested in meeting them for coffee/drink were 25.0% and 27.2% lower, respectively, in the test group than in the control group (P<0.001). Regarding friendship, the proportions of respondents who rated the actor as interesting and who would be interested in friendship with them were 18.8% and 16.5% lower, respectively, in the test group than in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions Actors simulating orofacial TD movements were perceived to be statistically significantly less likely to move forward in a job interview, be considered as a potential romantic partner, or be a new friend. This is the first study to quantify the stigma faced by people with TD in a variety of professional and social situations. Funding Acknowledgements This study was funded by Teva Pharmaceuticals, Petach Tikva, Israel.


115 An Experimental Study to Assess the Professional and Social Consequences of Mild-to-Moderate Tardive Dyskinesia

April 2020

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9 Reads

CNS spectrums

Study Objective To Evaluate the impact of mild-to-moderate orofacial tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms on the people and social lives of people with TD. Background TD, a movement disorder affecting the face and extremities, may arise in patients taking antipsychotics. The impact of stigma on the professional and social lives of people with moderate-to-severe TD was previously examined, but has not been investigated in those with mild-to-moderate TD. Methods This study is an experimental, randomized digital survey of a general population sample. Three component surveys corresponding to employment, dating, and friendship domains were adopted from a prior study. For each domain, participants were randomized 1:1 into either a test group (who viewed a video of a scripted interview with an actor depicting mild-to-moderate TD movements) or a control group (who viewed the same actor but without TD movements) and asked about their impressions of the video subject. Actor simulations of the TD symptoms were validated by physicians familiar with TD and rehearsed to simulate orofacial movements with a total Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score of 3–6. Statistical comparison was made using Wilcoxon signed-rank or chi-squared tests for continuous and categorical variables. Results A total of 800 respondents completed each survey. In all domains, respondents had more negative perceptions of actors portraying mild-to-moderate TD movements than of the same actors without movements. For employment, 41% fewer respondents in the test group versus the control group agreed that the actor would be suitable for client-facing jobs (P<0.001). For dating, the proportions of respondents who agreed that they would like to continue talking to the actor and who would be interested in meeting them for a coffee/drink were 23.2% and 26.0% lower, respectively, in the test group than in the control group (P<0.001). For friendship, the proportions of respondents who rated the actor as interesting and who would be interested in friendship with them were 13.0% and 12.2% lower in the test group than in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions This study addresses the stigma faced by those with mild-to-moderate TD in professional and social situations. Consistent with previous results for moderate-to-severe TD, actors simulating mild-to-moderate orofacial TD movements were perceived to be less likely to move forward in a job interview, be considered as a potential romantic partner, or be a new friend. Funding Acknowledgements This study was funded by Teva Pharmaceuticals, Petach Tikva, Israel.


117 Impact of Antipsychotic Treatment Switching in Patients with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder

April 2020

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26 Reads

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1 Citation

CNS spectrums

Study Objective To evaluate the risk of relapse for patients with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), and major depressive disorder (MDD) who switched antipsychotics compared with those who did not switch. Background Antipsychotics are commonly used for maintenance treatment of SZ, BP, and MDD but can have significant side effects, such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Adherence to treatment is important for reducing the risk of relapse, but fear of side effects may prompt medication switching. Methods Medicaid claims from 6 US states spanning 6 years were retrospectively analyzed for antipsychotic switching versus non-switching. For all patients with SZ, BD or MDD and for the subset of patients who also had ≥1 EPS diagnosis during the baseline period, times to the following outcomes, during a 2-year study period were analyzed: underlying disease relapse, psychiatric relapse, all-cause emergency room (ER) visit, all-cause inpatient (IP) admission and EPS diagnosis. Results Switchers (N=10,548) had a shorter time to disease relapse, other psychiatric relapse, IP admissions, ER visits, and EPS diagnosis (all, log-rank P<0.001) than non-switchers (N=31,644). Switchers reached the median for IP admission (21.50 months) vs non-switchers (not reached) and for ER visits (switchers, 9.07 months; non-switchers, 13.35 months). For disease relapse, other psychiatric relapse, and EPS diagnosis, <50% of patients had an event during the 2-year study period. Comparisons in a subgroup of patients with ≥1 EPS diagnosis revealed similar outcomes. Conclusions These results show that disease and other psychiatric relapse, all-cause ER visits, IP admissions, and EPS diagnosis occurred earlier for switchers than for non-switchers, suggesting that switching is associated with an increased risk of relapse in patients with SZ, BP and MDD. Funding Acknowledgements This study was supported by Teva Pharmaceuticals, Petach Tikva, Israel.


Effect of tardive dyskinesia on quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia

December 2019

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187 Reads

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46 Citations

Quality of Life Research

Purpose Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a common but serious hyperkinetic movement disorder and side effect of antipsychotic medications used to treat bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SZ). The purpose of this study was to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a population with diagnoses for BD, MDD, or SZ by comparing patients with TD (n = 197) with those without TD (n = 219). HRQoL in each group was also compared with HRQoL of the general population. Methods This study employed a cross-sectional web-based survey. HRQoL was assessed by four instruments: the SF-12 Health Survey, Version 2 (SF-12v2), the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF), the Social Withdrawal subscale of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (SW-ISMI); and two questions on movement disorders. Results Patients with TD had significantly worse HRQoL and social withdrawal than those without. The differences were more pronounced for physical HRQoL domains than for mental health domains. Patients with more-severe TD, assessed through either self-rating or clinician rating, experienced significantly worse HRQoL than did those with less-severe TD. The impact of TD was substantially greater in patients with SZ than in those with BD or MDD. Compared with the general population, patients with BD, MDD, or SZ experienced significantly worse HRQoL regardless of TD status, although this deficit in HRQoL was greater among those with TD. Conclusions The presence of TD is associated with worse HRQoL and social withdrawal. The most severe impact of TD is on physical aspects of patients’ HRQoL.


Association of antipsychotic treatment switching in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar and major depressive disorders

October 2019

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16 Reads

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18 Citations

Aims: To evaluate the association of relapse and healthcare resource utilization in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), or major depressive disorder (MDD) who switched antipsychotic medication versus those who did not. Materials and Methods: Medicaid claims from six US states spanning 6 years were retrospectively analyzed for antipsychotic switching versus non-switching. For all patients with SZ, BD, or MDD, and for the subset of patients who also had ≥1 extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) diagnosis at baseline, times to the following outcomes were analyzed: underlying disease relapse, other psychiatric relapse, all-cause emergency room (ER) visit, all-cause inpatient (IP) admission, and EPS diagnosis. Results: Switchers (N = 10,548) had a shorter time to disease relapse, other psychiatric relapse, IP admissions, ER visits, and EPS diagnosis (all, log-rank P < 0.001) than non-switchers (N = 31,644). Switchers reached the median for IP admission (21.50 months) vs non-switchers (not reached) and for ER visits (switchers, 9.07 months; non-switchers, 13.35 months). For disease relapse, other psychiatric relapse, and EPS diagnosis, <50% of patients had an event during the 2-year study period. Subgroup analysis of those with ≥1 EPS diagnosis revealed similar associations. Limitations: Only association, not causation, may be inferred, and there may be differences between the patient groups in parameters not evaluated. Conclusions: These results show that disease and other psychiatric relapse, all-cause ER visits, IP admissions, and EPS diagnosis occurred earlier for patients who switched antipsychotics than for those who did not, suggesting that switching is associated with an increased risk of relapse in patients with SZ, BD and MDD. This may be attributed to more-severely ill patients being less responsive than those with less-severe illness, which, in turn, may require more episodes of switching.


Deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia and chorea associated with Huntington’s disease: a review of clinical trial data

October 2019

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55 Reads

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17 Citations

Introduction: Huntington’s disease (HD)-associated chorea and tardive dyskinesia (TD) are hyperkinetic movement disorders that can have deleterious effects on patients’ quality of life (QoL). Deutetrabenazine, a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of HD-associated chorea and TD. It is structurally similar to tetrabenazine, an FDA-approved compound for treatment of chorea that is widely used off-label for treatment of TD, but has deuterium modifications that improve its pharmacokinetic profile. Areas covered: Herein, the authors cover the key clinical trials with deutetrabenazine in patients with HD-associated chorea (First-HD and ARC-HD) and in patients with TD (ARM-TD, AIM-TD, and RIM-TD). Expert opinion: Deutetrabenazine demonstrates consistent efficacy across patient types regardless of underlying psychiatric illness, or through use of dopamine-receptor antagonists (DRAs), which are the primary cause of TD. The safety profile of deutetrabenazine in clinical trials is similar to that of placebo. Long-term extension studies in both HD-associated chorea and TD show consistent efficacy and safety. Deutetrabenazine will likely be an integral part of the treatment strategy for HD-associated chorea and TD. Meanwhile, its potential to treat other hyperkinetic movement disorders is still under investigation.


Abbreviations CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; EPS: Extrapyramidal symptoms; GPI: Generic Product Indicator; HR: Hazard ratio; ICD-10-CM: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; KM: KaplanMeier; LASSO: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; TD: Tardive dyskinesia
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics by diagnosis
Kaplan-Meier curves of time to TD diagnosis. Estimated TD incidence rate within 7 years after antipsychotic drug initiation were stratified by index psychiatric disorder diagnosis. TD, tardive dyskinesia
Calibration plot for the re-estimated LASSO prediction model. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) prediction model was used to identify risk factors for TD. The model was developed with data in the modeling set and validated and re-estimated with the validation data set. The risk of TD at 2 years after the index date as predicted by the model was compared with actual TD observed, within the validation set (one-third of the data set). Concordance was 70.6%, Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, P = 0.32. TD, tardive dyskinesia
Risk assessment and prediction of TD incidence in psychiatric patients taking concomitant antipsychotics: a retrospective data analysis

July 2019

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95 Reads

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24 Citations

BMC Neurology

Abstract Background Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious, often irreversible movement disorder caused by prolonged exposure to antipsychotics; identifying patients at risk for TD is critical to preventing it. Predictive models for the occurrence of TD can improve patient monitoring and inform implementation of counteractive interventions. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with TD and to develop a model using a retrospective data analysis to predict the incidence of TD among patients taking antipsychotic medications. Methods Adult patients with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, or bipolar disorder taking oral antipsychotics were identified in a Medicaid claims database (covering six US states from 1997 to 2016) and divided into cohorts based on whether they developed TD within 1 year after the first observed claim for antipsychotics. Patient characteristics between cohorts were compared, and univariate Cox analyses were used to identify potential TD risk factors. A cross-validated version of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression method was used to develop a parsimonious multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to predict diagnosis of TD. Results A total of 189,415 eligible patients were identified. Potential TD risk factors were identified based on the cohort analysis within a sample of 151,280 patients with at least 1 year of continuous eligibility. The prediction model had a clinically meaningful concordance of 70% and was well calibrated (P = 0.32 for Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test). Age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.04, P


Health Care Resource Utilization and Costs for Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia

July 2019

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46 Reads

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13 Citations

Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy

Background: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an often-irreversible movement disorder affecting any part of the body. Patients experience debilitating symptoms that lower quality of life and increase mortality. Prolonged exposure to dopamine antagonists, which are frequently prescribed for psychiatric disorders as neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drugs, is a common cause of TD. The estimated prevalence of TD is 20%-50% among patients on antipsychotics, and the reported incidence of TD ranges from < 1% to 42%, depending on the antipsychotics studied. However, there are few real-world studies examining health care utilization and the economic burden of TD. Objective: To assess health care utilization and costs in a sample of patients with TD from the commercially insured and Medicare supplemental U.S. Populations: Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using Truven MarketScan Commercial and Medicare administrative claims data. Patients were included in the TD group if they had the first TD diagnosis (index date) between January 1, 2008, and September 30, 2014, with ≥ 1 inpatient or ≥ 2 outpatient nondiagnostic claims for TD (ICD-9-CM code 333.85). Patients without TD were randomly assigned an index date. Further inclusion criteria for all patients were ≥ 12 months of pre- and post-index medical and pharmacy continuous enrollment and no evidence of TD claims during the pre-index period. Patients with TD were directly matched to patients without TD within subgroups for schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric disorders and propensity matched on other demographic and clinical factors. Descriptive statistics on the incidence of resource utilization and costs of health care were reported. Results: Of 3,397 patients with TD, 834 met the selection criteria and were matched to 834 non-TD controls. Patients with TD generally had significantly greater utilization during the 12 months after TD diagnosis than in the 12 months before TD diagnosis. Their rates for health care utilization and costs were also substantially higher than for those without TD. During the post-TD-diagnosis time, inpatient admissions (55.5% vs. 26.1%; P < 0.001) and emergency room visits (61.5% vs. 50.6%; P < 0.001) occurred more for patients with TD than for patients without TD. Total health care costs were significantly greater for patients with TD than for those without TD (54,656vs.54,656 vs. 28,777; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with TD demonstrate significantly higher health care utilization and costs compared with non-TD patients. Disclosures: This study was funded by Teva Pharmaceuticals (Petach Tikva, Israel). Truven Health Analytics, an IBM Watson Health Company, received payment from Teva Pharmaceuticals for the analysis in this study. Carroll is employed by Teva Pharmaceuticals and Irwin is employed by Truven Health Analytics, an IBM Watson Health Company.


Citations (16)


... Another potential "red flag" that has not been the subject of this review, entails the occurrence of motor symptoms and movement disorders in IEMs within the scope of neurological abnormalities. Although tremor, involuntary muscle contractions and psychomotor slowing are examples of motor symptoms that can also be observed in patients with a psychiatric disorder, mostly as a consequence of psychopharmaca use (Sanders and Gillig, 2012;Dhir et al., 2017;Miller and Fleischhacker, 2000), they can be prominent in patients with an IEM (Walterfang et al., 2013;Pan and Vockley, 2013). For example, these motor symptoms have been described in galactosemia, NPC and WD (Kuiper et al., 2019;Akil et al., 1991;Srinivas et al., 2008;Eggink et al., 2014). ...

Reference:

Psychiatric manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism: A systematic review
ESTIMATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TARDIVE DYSKINESIA IN THE UNITED STATES (P2.018)
  • Citing Article
  • April 2017

Neurology

... Tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia are associated with patient distress, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality [6,7]. Patients with tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia are also more likely to suffer from occupational and social stigmas [8]. ...

An Experimental Study to Assess the Professional and Social Consequences of Tardive Dyskinesia

Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience

... A 2021 meta-analysis by Kishi et al., found benefit in continuing antipsychotic and mood stabilizer combination treatment up to 12 months [86]. Discontinuation and dose reduction of antipsychotics has been linked to a small but significant increase in subsequent hospitalization [87]. ...

Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reduction in mood disorders: implications for treatment of tardive dyskinesia

BMC Psychiatry

... For example, social isolation has been reported by 72.7% of the patients with TD and 18.2% of the caregivers, making it among the most commonly reported negative impacts of TD. 16 In addition, TD in patients with schizophrenia is correlated to decreased likelihood for marriage, 32 and individuals with orofacial TD symptoms are perceived as being less socially acceptable and as less favorable potential friends and romantic partners. 33,34 Physical Functioning ...

116 An Experimental Study to Assess the Professional and Social Consequences of Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Citing Article
  • April 2020

CNS spectrums

... This finding is consistent with another study done in Ethiopia [21], and two studies done in the USA [53,54]. Generally, hospital admissions in patients with schizophrenia may be indicative of treatment failure [55], the presence of side effects [38], or noncompliance [56] with the preceding antipsychotic regimen, which necessitate medication changes (switch) [17,49]. ...

Association of antipsychotic treatment switching in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar and major depressive disorders
  • Citing Article
  • October 2019

... Deutetrabenazine is classified as a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor. [34] Its mode of action primarily involves modulating neurotransmitter release, specifically dopamine. [35] Adopting a nuanced approach is of utmost importance when dealing with the involuntary and disruptive movements. ...

Deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia and chorea associated with Huntington’s disease: a review of clinical trial data
  • Citing Article
  • October 2019

... [4][5][6][7][8] Furthermore, EPSs are associated with impaired quality of life, medication non-adherence, increased morbidity, mortality, caregiver burden, utilisation of healthcare resources and higher medical costs. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] This has resulted in some advocating for 'better monitoring … to assess their true effect on patients' quality of life and functioning and to prevent underascertainment', 17 something especially important in higher risk populations, for instance, children, adolescents and the elderly. [18][19][20] The ...

Effect of tardive dyskinesia on quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia

Quality of Life Research

... It has been demonstrated that the risk of TD is elevated in older patients relative to younger patients (Sajatovic et al., 2022). This finding is consistent with the epidemiologic profile of TD, and previous studies have shown that female sex and advanced age are risk factors for TD (Solmi et al., 2018;Patterson-Lomba et al., 2019;Saklad, 2020). The metabolism and excretion of drugs are slowed in elderly patients, resulting in the accumulation of the drug in the body and an increased risk of adverse events (Akinosoglou et al., 2023). ...

Risk assessment and prediction of TD incidence in psychiatric patients taking concomitant antipsychotics: a retrospective data analysis

BMC Neurology

... TD is associated with a substantial economic burden in terms of increased health care resource utilization, including more frequent inpatient hospital admissions (133), so timely and effective treatment are essential. In the Asian region, studies from China and Japan have also confirmed higher rates and duration of hospitalizations in TD patients compared to those without TD (35,56,58,64,65). ...

Health Care Resource Utilization and Costs for Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Citing Article
  • July 2019

Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy

... Individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) are known to have a higher prevalence of smoking than the general population [1] . They smoke heavier and more frequently [2,3] (than the general population and patients with other psychiatric disorders [4] ). Smoking is a risk factor for various health conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer [5] . ...

Tardive dyskinesia among patients using antipsychotic medications in customary clinical care in the United States