Ben Adlam's research while affiliated with Harvard University and other places

... These efforts include rational target-site design, regulation of the expression and timing of the nuclease, multiplexing drive targets, improved regulatory elements, and targeting ultra-conserved regions in essential genes that are recorded in the drive, enabling the selective elimination of nonfunctional NHEJ-repaired alleles (21,52,60,(66)(67)(68). While these future drive designs are expected to be more efficient than current systems, it should be noted that even imperfect drives with modest homing efficiencies are still predicted to be quite invasive (69), and will likely be useful for field implementation which could confer long-lasting entomological and epidemiological impacts. ...

... If the introduction frequency is lower than the threshold, it's expected that the drive allele will be lost from the population. Zero-threshold drives such as CRISPR homing drives and Y-linked Xshredders are fast, powerful drives that can be considered "global" drive systems due to their ability to invade from small starting populations [16][17][18][19][20][21] (though high fitness costs can sometimes move these into more confined categories). An intermediate category consists of "regional" drives that lack an introduction threshold when they have ideal performance but gain one if there are any imperfections in the drive that lead to even a small fitness cost (and occasionally other types of imperfections for some drive types). ...