Belén López-Pérez's research while affiliated with The University of Manchester and other places

Publications (70)

Article
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Face mask wearing was an important preventative strategy for the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. However, the effects that occluding the mouth and nose area with surgical masks could have on young children’s language processing and emotion recognition skills have received little investigation. To evaluate the possible effects, the current study...
Article
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In the present study, we aimed to explore the dynamic relationships among self-esteem, self-efficacy in managing negative emotions (SRN), and expressing positive emotions (SEP) in a short-term, daily framework. We used data collected over 10 days from 101 Italian and 237 Spanish young adults. Results from a Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model...
Article
Previous research into children's political knowledge and attitudes has been scarce. To address this gap, a total of 150 British children in Year 2 (58% male, 43% female, Mage = 6.6 years, n = 50), Year 4 (46% male, 54% female, Mage = 8.4 years, n = 50) and Year 6 (56% male, 44% female, Mage = 10.4 years, n = 50) reported their factual knowledge an...
Article
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Beliefs about emotion utility can influence context‐sensitive emotion goals (i.e., desired emotional responses). Although key for emotion regulation, emotion goals have been overlooked in children and adolescents. In 2018–2019 results of Studies 1 and 2 showed that children (N = 192, Mage = 8.65, 47% girls, 96% White) were less motivated by and fou...
Article
Even though a longitudinal relationship between self-efficacy and work engagement has been investigated rather extensively, previous studies rarely considered their dynamic nature by separating stable trait-like effects from fluctuating state-like ones. In the present three-wave longitudinal study involving 3010 teachers (82% women), the random-int...
Article
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Interpersonal emotion regulation (ER) refers to the different processes aimed at changing the emotional states of others. Some authors have speculated about the pivotal role of empathy for interpersonal ER to happen. However, the very limited empirical evidence suggests that only cognitive empathy as opposed to affective empathy may be a necessary...
Article
Why do children, adolescents, and adults engage in costly punishment to sanction fairness violations? Two studies investigated the differential impact of incidental anger on the costly punishment of 8-year-olds, 13-year-olds, and adults. Focusing on experimentally manipulated incidental anger allows for a causal investigation as to whether and how...
Article
We examined how children's peer experiences mediated the association between dispositional emotionality and academic functioning. One hundred and ninety-nine children (104 girls, Mage = 10 years) participated in a two-year study. The predictors (self-reported emotional experience, peer-nominations of emotional expressivity) and the mediators (self-...
Article
Experiencing empathy for others has been linked to worsening others’ feelings against their wishes. These paternalistic empathic goals have been theorised to happen at the dyad level when an agent aims to worsen a target’s emotional state. They may also operate at a broader level when agents are third-party observers of COVID-19 lockdown rule viola...
Article
Shyness in childhood has been linked to socio-emotional difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and loneliness. On the contrary, positivity (i.e., a personal tendency to see oneself, life, and future in a positive light) has been described as a protective factor. Given the challenges experienced by children during the first wave of the COVID-19 p...
Article
A systematic investigation has been lacking regarding children’s deliberate regulation of others’ emotions which is labeled interpersonal emotion regulation (ER). Based on a theoretically derived model of Interpersonal Affect Classification, we examined children’s interpersonal ER strategy use in the peer group. Participants were 398 fourth and fif...
Article
In order to comfort others, children need to exhibit Theory of Mind (ToM) skills. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of ToM in association with children’s spontaneous comforting behaviour in a laboratory task. Forty-seven children between 26 and 57 months of age completed three ToM tasks: diverse desires, diverse beliefs and...
Article
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Previous research on children’s and adolescents’ happiness either focused on their conceptualisations or the link between self-reported happiness with different outcomes. However, very few studies have connected both approaches to better understand children’s and adolescents’ happiness. To address this gap, we used a mixed-method approach to invest...
Article
Children’s happiness at school has been mainly investigated from a quantitative perspective, largely overlooking what children understand by happiness and whether their conceptualizations are shaped by culture. Hence, in the present study, using a quantification of qualitative data, we investigated whether English (n = 421, M = 10.63 years, 223 gir...
Article
Prior research with young adults has shown how emotion goals (i.e., cognitive representations of preferred emotional states) can be instrumental (positive or negative) depending on the context and how this context sensitivity is linked to higher well‐being. However, this research has overlooked older adults. We argue it is important looking at this...
Article
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The current study investigated the extent cognitive and emotion regulation deficits (i.e., executive functions) associated with autism impact on the development of imagination in writing. Sixty-one children participated in the study (M age = 9 years 7 months, SD = 14 months, 18 female, 43 male), comprising a selected group with autism characteristi...
Article
Emotion regulation is a key developmental skill, but very few studies have investigated developmental differences in how children and adolescents regulate the emotions of others (interpersonal emotion regulation). This study examined developmental differences in interpersonal emotion regulation in the context of social exclusion. Ninety-one 5- and...
Article
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Interpersonal emotion regulation entails a wide array of strategies aimed at influencing others' emotions. Despite its importance for successful social interactions, only a few studies have evaluated interpersonal emotion regulation in children. In detail, the study of developmental changes in the use of emotion regulation strategies overlooked age...
Article
Objectives: Appropriate contextualized emotion goals (i.e., desired emotional endpoints that facilitate goal attainment) are fundamental to emotion regulation, as they may determine the direction of regulation efforts. Given that difficulties in emotion regulation are prevalent in borderline personality disorder (BPD), we explored whether BPD trai...
Poster
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Music contains cues such as tempo, pitch and key, which may induce basic emotions (Johnson-Laird & Oatley, 2016). In fact, music used in the laboratory has proved to induce emotional states, similar to real experienced emotions, in adults (Scherer, 2004). Although we know that this fact can have relevant clinical applications (i.e., music has posit...
Conference Paper
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Background and aims: Previous studies highlighted the importance of prosociality (PRO) to sustain one’s own life satisfaction (LS) across adolescence and adulthood. Yet, the extent to which LS could be explained by stable differences in PRO (trait-like) and/or to momentary increase in PRO (state-like) deserves further investigation. In the present...
Article
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Sexual offenders typically experience more negative emotions and greater difficulties in regulating emotions than non-offenders. However, limited data exist on what sexual offenders want to feel (i.e., their emotion goals). Notably, emotion goals play a key role in emotion regulation and contribute to emotional experience. The present study tested...
Article
When do children, adolescents, and adults decide to punish fairness violations? Two studies with 9‐year‐old children, 13‐year‐old adolescents, and adults investigated whether the link between unfairness and punishment was mediated by negative emotional reactions (measured through galvanic skin responses and emotion ratings). Study 1 (N = 117) exami...
Article
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At what point is an assemblage of individuals perceived as a single, unified group? And how do demographic characteristics of these individuals influence perceptions of groupness? To answer these questions, we conducted four studies in which participants viewed sets of images that varied in the number of individuals depicted, and then identified th...
Article
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Despite the well-established protective functions of positivity (i.e., a dispositional self-evaluative tendency to view oneself, life, and future under a positive outlook) from middle adolescence to old age, its reliable assessment and contribution to a proper psychological functioning have received little attention during previous developmental ph...
Article
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Recently, empathic concern was separated into the components of sympathy and tenderness (Lishner et al. 2011). So far, these two emotional experiences have been assessed as episodic emotional responses, as the existent dispositional measures remain blind to such distinction. The aim of the present research is to develop and validate a dispositional...
Article
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Previous research on children’s and adolescents’ well-being at school has been focused on the possible determinants. However, no previous research has analysed children’s and adolescents’ lay-beliefs or conceptualizations of happiness at school. In the present work, we studied children’s (N = 104, 9–10-year-olds) and adolescents’ (N = 113, 15–16-ye...
Article
Emotion regulation (ER) is key for children's development and it has recently been considered in many serious games and e-learning technologies. However, these tools have focused on children's efforts to change their own emotions (intrapersonal ER), overlooking how children may engage in modifying the emotions of others (interpersonal ER). To addre...
Article
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Previous research has linked the use of certain emotion regulation strategies to the vicarious experience of personal distress (PD) and empathic concern (EC). However, it has not yet been tested whether (1) vicarious PD is positively associated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, (2) vicarious EC is positively associated with adaptive e...
Article
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Mental imagery is known to play a key role in the development and maintenance of depression and anxiety. Prisoners commonly experience psychological distress, but interventions to address this are currently lacking. We aimed to examine the link between prospective mental imagery and anxiety and depression among prisoners. One hundred twenty-three m...
Article
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With a diary study, we tested the positive effect of prosociality on life satisfaction. Fifty-six Spanish undergraduate students (45 females; Mage = 21.08 years) rated their life satisfaction, prosociality, self-esteem, and physical appearance for 5 consecutive days. Multilevel results indicated that within-individual positive deviations in prosoci...
Article
Objectives: Emotion goals lie at the heart of emotion regulation, as people have to first decide what emotions they want to feel before engaging in emotion regulation. Given that children with Asperger's syndrome (AS) are characterized by exhibiting difficulties in emotion regulation, studying whether they display similar or different emotion goal...
Article
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the Intensive Program of Emotional Intelligence (IPEI; Fernández, 2016; Férreo, 2016) on middle managers’ emotional intelligence, as this variable may have a significant impact on personal satisfaction, task performance, and the work environment. Method: The intervention was applied to work...
Article
People shape and influence others’ emotions every day. If these attempts are perceived as successful, they may have a positive effect on people's relationships and well-being. Across two studies, targets’ perceived efficacy of regulation strategies to improve their sadness and anxiety/stress has been investigated. In Study 1, participants (n = 120)...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Understanding students' life satisfaction (a major indicator of subjective well-being; Diener & Diener, 2009) is at the core of developmental psychologists’ research agenda. Previous works have highlighted the importance of both self-oriented variables (e.g., self-esteem, body satisfaction) and other-oriented variables (e.g., prosociality) in susta...
Article
Previous research on the one-among-others effect has shown that inducing empathic concern towards a victim presented alongside with a small number of other victims enhances (a) the perception of this set of victims as separate and different individuals (instead of as a group), and (b) the preference to help them individually (rather than collective...
Article
When aiming to improve another person's long-term well-being, people may choose to induce a negative emotion in that person in the short term. We labeled this form of agent-target interpersonal emotion regulation altruistic affect worsening and hypothesized that it may happen when three conditions are met: (a) The agent experiences empathic concern...
Article
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. This research outlines the development and validation of a new self-report measure to assess the tendency to use different interpersonal affect improvement strategies within the normal adult population (Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire, IAISQ). The scale is based on the interpersonal affect classification (IAC; Niven, Tot...
Article
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Research suggests that empathic concern and distress give rise to different patterns of helping behavior.It has been proposed that this difference is caused by the effects of these emotions on recurrent thoughts about the person in need. However, no research has directly investigated this potential explanation. To remedy this, we tested the hypothe...
Article
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Across two studies, we investigated how friends’ typically used emotion regulation strategies (rumination or reappraisal) influence judgements about their vicarious emotions (sympathy, tenderness, and personal distress) when presented with a photograph of a suffering toddler. Results of both studies demonstrated that participants reporting on a rum...
Article
Objectives: Interpersonal emotion regulation (ER) plays a significant role in how individuals meet others' emotional needs and shape social interactions, as it is key to initiating and maintaining high-quality social relationships. Given that individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) or Asperger's syndrome (AS) exhibit problems in soc...
Article
Full-text available
Previous research on children’s and adolescents’ happiness has mainly focused on the different variables that may contribute to it. However, very few studies have investigated the beliefs that children and adolescents hold about happiness. It is important to study developmental and gender differences in the conceptions of happiness as beliefs affec...
Article
The authors relied on the Process Model of Emotion Regulation (PMER; J. J. Gross, 2007 Gross, J. J. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.) to investigate children's abilities to regulate their emotions and to assess how distinct emotion regulation strategies are used by children of different ages. In Study 1, 180 par...
Article
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Previous research on interpersonal emotion regulation (ER) in childhood has been rather unsystematic, focusing mainly on children’s prosocial behaviour, and has been conducted in the absence of an integrative emotion theoretical framework. The present research relied on the interpersonal affect classification proposed by Niven et al. (Emotion, 9:49...
Article
Previous research on the one-among-others effect has shown that inducing empathic concern towards a victim presented among other individuals in need enhances: (1) awareness of these others and (2) the willingness to help them individually. In this work, we test that these outcomes are linked by an additional process: the generalization of empathic...
Article
Nurses are playing a vital role in caring for patients. However, this can be very emotionally taxing. In two studies, professional nurses and nursing students from two different countries (Spain and United States) were compared on different measures-objective and self-perspective-taking, personal distress, and emotional impact-when facing different...
Article
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Based on the enclothed cognition framework, we tested whether the physical experience of wearing a tunic and identifying it with a nursing scrub may enhance empathic and helping responding, compared to the solely physical experience of wearing the scrub or associating with its symbolic meaning. Results of Study 1 (United Kingdom; n = 150) showed th...
Article
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among males in the United States, and there is lack of consensus as to whether active surveillance or radical prostatectomy is the best course of treatment. In this study, we examined the role of numeracy, time discounting, and risk taking on decision-making about prostate cancer treatment-in 279 men over a...
Article
Previous research in the happy victimizer tradition indicated that preschool and early elementary-school children attribute positive emotions to the violator of a moral norm, whereas older children attribute negative (moral) emotions. Cognitive and motivational processes have been suggested to underlie this developmental shift. The current research...
Article
Bullying extracts a heavy toll on offenders and prison staff alike. Studying what factors may affect bullying is extremely important as this may help to minimize bullying in prison. Although there is research on the relationship between lack of empathy and positive attitude toward bullying, previous research has overlooked that age may influence th...
Article
In this study, we assessed parent-child agreement in the perception of children's general happiness or well-being in typically developing children (10- and 11-year-olds, n=172) and adolescents (15- and 16-year-olds, n=185). Despite parent and child reporters providing internally consistent responses in the General Happiness single-item scale and th...
Article
Perceiving another in need may provoke two possible emotional responses: empathic concern and personal distress. This research aims to test whether different emotion regulation strategies (i.e., reappraisal and rumination) may lead to different vicarious emotional responses (i.e., empathic concern and personal distress). In this sense, we hypothesi...
Article
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In two studies the emotional valence, the level of arousal and self-orientation of empathic concern and personal distress are tested. The empathic concern prevalence versus personal distress prevalence is induced through pictures in Study 1 (N = 62) and perspective-taking instructions in Study 2 (N = 60). Results of Study 1 show that participants i...
Article
This study compared the sociomoral reasoning of 7-, 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old children and adolescents of two collectivistic cultures in the 1990s: Spain (horizontal collectivism; N = 208) and Russia (vertical collectivism; N = 247). Participants reasoned about choices and moral justifications of a protagonist in a sociomoral dilemma where participa...
Article
In this study, we describe the process of development and validation of an instrument (TECA-NA) to assess empathy in children and adolescents. The TECANA is a 30- item questionnaire which was developed based on the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test (TECA). The TECA-NA questionnaire has the same fourfactor structure than the TECA: perspective tak...
Article
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Feeling empathy for a member of the group may result in either favoring this individual at the expense of the group or helping the entire group. We explain these intriguing find- ings by proposing that the combined influence of feeling empathy for one individual and awareness of others enhances willingness to help both the individual and the others (...
Article
In this work, the results of the application of a brief emotional education program (EDEMCO) to children in grade 1 (aged 6) attending two schools in Madrid are presented. The aim of the study was to test the efficacy of this program to increase children's abilities for recognizing of other people's emotions and understanding simple and complex emo...
Article
The California Older Person's Pleasant Events Schedule (COPPES) measures frequency and enjoyment of pleasurable events. Interviews were conducted to 220 people older than 60 years. Acceptable to excellent internal consistency indices were found for the COPPES’ global scales and their subscales. Good concurrent and criterion validity indices were al...
Article
Full-text available
When facing a person in need, professional nurses will tend to adopt an objective perspective compared to nursing students who, instead, will tend to adopt an imagine-other perspective. Consequently, professional nurses will show lower vicarious emotional reaction such as empathy and distress. Using samples from Spain (Studies 1 and 2) and United s...
Article
Observing a person in need usually provokes a compound and dynamic emotional experience made up of empathy and personal distress which, in turn, may influence helping behavior. As the exclusive use of rating scales to measure these two emotions does not permit the analysis of their concurrent evolution, we added the analogical emotional scale (AES)...
Article
Full-text available
Feeling empathy for one person in need while being aware of others may increase the motivational ambivalence between the motive of helping the one and the motive of helping the others, and such motivational ambivalence may reduce the helping directed to the person in need. To test these hypotheses we carried out three studies in which participants...
Article
Changes in empathy after adolescence have been hardly studied compared to previous years of the life span. The present paper aims to analyze age differences in empathy, considering this concept from a multidimensional approach. Two questionnaires were administered to 280 examinees assigned to different age groups: adolescence (16-19 years), early a...
Article
Full-text available
The Vicarious Experience Scale (VES) is a new measure aimed at measuring the disposition to feeling empathy and personal distress. In Study 1, participants completed the VES along with the classic measure of Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). In Studies 2 and 3, participants observed the case of a person in need and subsequently reported the eli...
Article
The aim of the present paper is introducing an empathy revision, considering the main theoretical and methodological contributions. This way, the origins of the term 'empathy' are revised. Moreover the history of this concept is studied, giving a reference from the different perspectives: The discussion between both, the social and dispositional vi...
Article
This article starts with the scarce research results available on emotional functioning in early, middle and late adulthood, and in particular, the paucity of intervention programs which seek to improve emotional competencies in these age groups. Drawing on Salovey and Mayer's emotional intelligence theory (1990) and other previous applied work, an...

Citations

... The negative side effects of wearing masks on reading emotions have been investigated in several studies since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (Pavlova & Sokolov, 2022). However, these findings rely heavily on empirical studies with adult participants, with the exception of nine studies (Bourke et al., 2023;Carbon & Serrano, 2021;Chester et al., 2022;Cuzzocrea et al., 2023;Gil & Le Bigot, 2023;Giordano et al., 2022;Gori et al., 2021;Ruba & Pollak, 2020;Schneider et al., 2022). It is questionable whether the results for adult participants can be generalized to school-aged children. ...
... Research on emotion regulation and wellbeing provide appropriate illustrations. For example, adults, adolescents, and even children utilize discrete emotions to achieve their goals, such as expressing happiness during collaboration, and anger, but not sadness, during confrontation (e.g., López-Pérez et al., 2023;Tamir & Ford, 2012). Likewise, researchers of positive psychology have emphasized the functions of positive emotions (e.g., Shiota et al., 2014), with discrete emotions serving a positive (adaptive) function distinct from their typically designated valence. ...
... Then, future studies should replicate our findings by comparing cortisol production profiles across the phases of the female menstrual cycle following a within-subject design and eventually using an ambulatory chromatographic ovulation test to determine the exact time point for ovulation. Finally, we did not measure other personal (e.g., emotional stability, self-esteem, psychological capital, Cenciotti et al., 2022;Zuffianò et al., 2023) and contextual (e.g., workrelated, and social demands, perceptions of social context, social support, Borgogni et al., 2023) variables that might have affected the associations between self-efficacy beliefs and cortisol parameters. Hence, future studies should include these variables to test more complex moderated mediation models that would help reach a better understanding of how and when RESE-NE and work SE can be related to HPA axis dysfunction. ...
... In another study, Høigaard et al. (2012) discovered that engagement and efficacy perceptions are correlated with job satisfaction and inversely associated with burnout and the intention to quit among newly qualified teachers in Norway. Burić et al. (2022) also conducted a three-wave longitudinal study among 3,010 teachers and found that stable parts of teacher self-efficacy (TSE) and work engagement have a positive correlation, TSE is positively associated with work engagement at a given time point, and work engagement has spill-over effects on TSE, but there is no reciprocal relationship. In another study, Gratacós et al. (2021) conducted a study with Spanish beginning teachers and found a strong positive correlation between transformational leadership (TR) and self-perceived efficacy, and the motivational and social dimensions of TR could be a determining Frontiers in Psychology 04 frontiersin.org ...
... These findings underscore the idea that empathy goes beyond hedonic motivations to improve others' affect. On the other hand, initial evidence showed no associations between mentalizing, empathic concern, and counter-hedonic IER goals in a preliminary cross-sectional study (Chavira Trujillo et al., 2022). Instead, Chavira Trujillo et al. (2022) found positive associations between counterhedonic IER motives and an empathic response other than empathic concern: personal distress. ...
... It advances children's emotional experiences research through exploration of Chinese children's perceptions of memorable parent-child tourism. A comprehensive review of children's emotional experiences research suggests that most studies have been conducted in daily or familiar scenarios (5)(6)(7). However, there are considerable differences between daily and tourism scenarios (8,9). ...
... These findings suggest that third-party participants adopted the perspective of victims instead of acting as impartial judges between victims and perpetrators. Thus, TPP may be more driven by retaliatory purposes than impartial justice (Jordan et al., 2016;Stallen et al., 2018;Gummerum et al., 2022). Importantly, the identifiability effect is mediated by changes in participants' reference points of inequity rather than the weights assigned to inequity aversion. ...
... Sociomoral emotions such as these serve multiple functions, particularly in the context of large coordination problems such as curbing the spread of COVID-19. For instance, López-Pérez et al. (2022) identified how individuals preferred to induce shame in COVID-19 rule violators to teach them a lesson; in other words, coronashaming was inflicted on transgressors of lockdown rules. ...
... However, some personality psychologists have also stressed the role of positivity (i.e., a general evaluative disposition to see oneself, one's life, and one's future under a positive outlook; Caprara et al., 2012) as a personal strength during the pandemic for both adults (Thartori et al., 2021) and children (Sette et al., 2022). Indeed, individuals high in positivity are more likely to possess the motivational resources to cope with the emotional challenges caused by the pandemic and protect themselves (and the people around them) by adhering to the containment rules (Thartori et al., 2021). ...
... The process by which emotion is regulated on an individual's own or through the help of others is defined as intrapersonal or interpersonal emotion regulation, respectively. Interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) plays an important role in a variety of interpersonal relationships, i.e. parent-child (Reindl et al., 2018), teacher-student (Sun et al., 2021) and friend relationships (Kwon and Ló pez-Pérez, 2022). Surprisingly, there has been only limited research on IER between couples (Jitaru and Turliuc, 2022). ...