Barclay E. James’s research while affiliated with Mount St. Mary's University and other places

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Publications (20)


Sourcing human capital for organizational effectiveness: sourcing strategy, determinants, and alignment
  • Article

December 2021

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64 Reads

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4 Citations

Joshua S. Bendickson

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Timothy D. Chandler

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Barclay E. James

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Erik C. Taylor

Human capital sourcing is a major determinant of firm effectiveness. We develop logic that favors a specialized sourcing strategy in which organizations emphasize one type of sourcing, focusing either on developing or acquiring human capital, as opposed to a balanced approach. We then identify characteristics and capabilities that lead firms to adopt one sourcing type over another. Additionally, we examine whether aligning sourcing decisions with organizational characteristics and capabilities relates to better performance. We use panel regression to examine how sourcing decisions ultimately impact performance. Results suggest that specialized sourcing relates to improved performance more strongly than does a balanced approach, that certain organizational capabilities are advantageous for specific types of sourcing, and that aligning sourcing strategy with organizational fit partially relates to greater organizational performance.



Emerging market multinationals’ firm-specific advantages, institutional distance, and foreign acquisition location choice

June 2020

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114 Reads

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51 Citations

International Business Review

How do emerging market multinational enterprises’ (EMNEs’) firm-specific advantages (FSAs) drive their foreign acquisition location choice? We theorize EMNE FSAs as important contingencies influencing the effect of institutional distance (ID) on EMNE foreign acquisition location choice. As a baseline main effect, we expect ID to positively influence EMNE location choice, as well-developed institutionally distant host-country environments are attractive to EMNEs. This effect is reduced by EMNE FSAs shaped by home-country conditions, such as success in navigating institutional voids and superior human resource management, which are more competitive in institutionally closer countries. Conversely, this effect is heightened by EMNE FSAs shaped by investment choices for knowledge and for international venturing. Based on analyses of 278 EMNE acquisitions by EMNEs from nine emerging markets, our findings largely support our hypotheses. Our study extends research on EMNE FSAs, which often have been compared only with those of developed-country multinational enterprises.


Minority Rules: Credible State Ownership and Investment Risk Around the World

April 2018

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39 Reads

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31 Citations

Organization Science

Research in management and related fields largely assumes that host-country state ("state") ownership in investment projects raises risk for private coinvestors. We question that assumption in theorizing that minority state ownership may actually decrease investment risk in host countries where policy stability is low. Noncontrolling but still substantial state ownership signals to private coinvestors that states will maintain initial investment project terms yet limit interference in project management under those same initial terms. Analyses of 1,373 investment projects announced in 95 host countries from 1990 to 2012 support this proposition: (1) low policy stability in the host country increases investment risk, measured as the percentage of equity comprising all project capital funding on the announcement date, but (2) minority state ownership diminishes the risk-increasing impact of low policy stability, and (3) the risk-diminishing effect is greatest when policy stability is low and the state holds from 21% to 40% of investment project equity. Where permitted, private investors can use state ownership as a risk-reducing strategy in response to low policy stability. Our study highlights where these "minority rules" hold and state ownership signals credible assurance to private coinvestors in less stable policy environments.



Norte o sul/sur? Multilatinas' choice of developed versus developing countries for foreign acquisitions

October 2017

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48 Reads

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6 Citations

Journal of Business Research

We develop novel theory and empirical evidence on multilatinas to understand the determinants of their choice between acquisitions in developed countries ("Northern" acquisitions) and in developing countries ("Southern" acquisitions). We theorize that multilatinas will be more likely to engage in Northern or Southern acquisitions based on distinct firm- and industry-specific characteristics. Our empirical evidence based on a sample of multilatinas from Brazil, Chile and Mexico is largely, but not entirely, consistent with our developed hypotheses. We find higher labor intensity associated with Southern acquisitions. On its own, we do not find research and development (R&D) intensity to be associated with acquisition location choice. However, we find that multilatinas that compete in high-technology ("high-tech") industries to be more likely to engage in Northern acquisitions. We also find a positive interactive effect on Northern acquisitions between R&D intensity and competing in a high-tech industry.





Figure 1: Hypothesized individual and combinatorial effects of lead-sponsor host-country experience, host-country policy stability, and lead-sponsor equity stakes on foreign investment risk in the context of project investment companies (PICs)
Figure 2: Mean investment risk and lead-sponsor host-country experience
Figure 3: Mean investment risk and lead-sponsor equity stakes
Figure 4: Investment risk and host-country policy stability for lead sponsors with no and some previous host-country experience
Figure 5: Investment risk and host-country country policy stability for lead sponsors with 100 % and less than 100 % equity stakes

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Experience, Equity and Foreign Investment Risk: A PIC Perspective
  • Article
  • Publisher preview available

April 2017

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44 Reads

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3 Citations

Management International Review

We analyze foreign investment risk-mitigating effects of host-country policy stability, firm experience and equity stakes using an empirical context largely ignored by international business (IB) research: project investment companies (PICs). PICs permit cleaner separation of individual investment project risk from the parent firm, which may otherwise pool risk characteristics from managing multiple projects across different industries and countries. PICs also permit potentially unbiased, prospective risk assessment at the time of a project’s initial announcement based on the mix of debt and equity funding the project. Consistent with previous IB research, our analyses of 396 PICs announced in 53 countries from 1990–2006 indicate that investment risk measured as the percentage of equity-to-total capital funding a PIC decreases with greater host-country policy stability, lead-investor experience in the host country, and lead-investor equity stakes. But contrary to previous IB research, we find that lead-sponsor experience and equity stakes reduce investment risk less as host-country policy stability decreases. From a PIC perspective, investor experience and equity stakes are complements to (not substitutes for) host-country policy stability. Our PIC-based evidence re-invigorates research and related practice and policy debates about how investor experience and equity holdings affect foreign project decisions and suggests new avenues for future work.

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Citations (13)


... Their intervention strategies, solely driven by finances and legal pressures, ignore the vital roles of human factors, culture, and adaptive learning in building resilience. Similarly, the study of work motivational factors (WMFs) has been stuck in a rut of identifying the "usual suspects"sociopsychological, organisational, and economic factors (Adam et al., 2023;Soliman et al., 2022;Bendickson et al., 2021)while missing the hidden motivators that truly drive us. Martela et al.'s (2022) exploration of "basic" motivators, while offering a basic framework, falls short of capturing workforce motivation's nuanced and dynamic nature. ...

Reference:

Human Resource Productivity: Integrating Resilience Engineering, Motivation, and Health Safety
Sourcing human capital for organizational effectiveness: sourcing strategy, determinants, and alignment
  • Citing Article
  • December 2021

... Many analyses of the literature have been conducted, with discussions of the notion of absorptive capacity [53][54][55]. However, our discussion is based on the seminal paper of Cohen and Levinthal, who revealed that "creative capacity" and "absorptive capacity" are very much alike (p. ...

Absorptive Capacity and the Propensity for Knowledge-Seeking Acquisitions
  • Citing Article
  • August 2020

Academy of Management Proceedings

... Empirical research highlights significant differences in the business models of MNCs from developed versus developing economies (Li et al., 2018;Estrin et al., 2018). The institutional distance between host and home economies plays a critical role in shaping the regulatory effectiveness of localization policies (James et al., 2020;Tang & Buckley, 2022). The institutional environment of the host country is particularly influential in shaping the operations and strategies of MNC subsidiaries . ...

Emerging market multinationals’ firm-specific advantages, institutional distance, and foreign acquisition location choice
  • Citing Article
  • June 2020

International Business Review

... In the future, with the continuous development of technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing, subway investment management platforms will move towards a more intelligent and automated direction [7]. As a powerful machine learning technology, DL's application in subway investment management will also be more extensive and in-depth [8]. ...

Minority Rules: Credible State Ownership and Investment Risk Around the World
  • Citing Article
  • April 2018

Organization Science

... Studies on multinationals from Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico reveal that they enter both developing and developed markets (Amal and Tomio, 2012;Andreff, 2015). They favor host countries with availability of skilled labor at lower costs (Alcântara et al., 2016;James and Sawant, 2019), large markets and growing demand (Amal and Tomio, 2012;Ricz, 2020), open economies (Alcântara et al., 2016;Amal and Tomio, 2012) and geographic or cultural proximity (Albeck and Huth, 2014;Barbero, 2019;Gonzalez-Perez and Velez-Ocampo, 2014;Huesca-Dorantes et al., 2018). While geographic proximity typically means that multilatinas favor other Latin American markets, Mexico stands as an exception due to its strategic North American location (Fleury and Fleury, 2011). ...

Norte o sul/sur? Multilatinas' choice of developed versus developing countries for foreign acquisitions
  • Citing Article
  • October 2017

Journal of Business Research

... At the firm level, studies focusing on political strategies of coping with various types of political risks have started making some headway regarding how political strategies and capabilities may have to adapt depending on the type or extent of political risk/uncertainty present in a given environment (Oh & Oetzel, 2017;Schnyder & Sallai, 2020). For instance, James and Vaaler (2018) find that in situations of 'policy instability,' foreign companies co-investing in projects where the state holds a minority stake can help mitigate investment risk. Yet, when 'policy instability' becomes more pronounced (i.e., turns into political uncertainty), political strategies relying on market-based political capabilities become less effective, while locally developed relational political capabilitiessuch as political ties -become more important (Dang et al., 2020;Sallai & Schnyder, 2021;Oh & Oetzel, 2017). ...

Minority Rules: Credible State Ownership and Investment Risk Around the World
  • Citing Article
  • January 2016

SSRN Electronic Journal

... He established the pricing model of manpower capital, and brought nonlinear assumptions, labor supply and risk financial assets into the model to achieve the optimal investment model of manpower capital. Literature [21] holds that the key to prevent and control the artificial risk of investors is to improve the internal management of enterprises, establish the incentive and restraint mechanism of manpower capital, and eliminate the inducing factors of this risk beforehand. Literature [22] pointed out that more investment in universal manpower capital from the individual point of view can better avoid risks. ...

Experience, Equity and Foreign Investment Risk: A PIC Perspective
  • Citing Article
  • January 2015

SSRN Electronic Journal

... It established the pricing model of manpower capital and brought nonlinear assumptions, labor supply, and risk financial assets into the model to achieve the optimal investment model of manpower capital. Literature [21] holds that the key to preventing and controlling the artificial risk of investors is to improve the internal management of enterprises, establish the incentive and restraint mechanism of manpower capital, and eliminate the inducing factors of this risk beforehand. Literature [22] pointed out that more investment in universal manpower capital from the individual point of view can better avoid risks. ...

Experience, Equity and Foreign Investment Risk: A PIC Perspective

Management International Review

... In other cases, entrepreneurs might not know which opportunities are possible or impossible due to uncertainty about demand-side conditions in future markets . Under these conditions, real options approaches can be used to evaluate different options (Li et al., 2007) based on the degree to which different choices open possibilities to attract new customers (Hunt et al., 2021). Understanding how entrepreneurs identify and choose market entry strategies raises critical questions about how entrepreneurs resolve the inherent equivocality of evaluating and judging different possibilities (Townsend et al., 2018). ...

Real Options: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead

Advances in Strategic Management

... With few exceptions (e.g., Blagoeva, Jensen, & Merchant, 2020;Johnson Jr., Arya, & Mirchandani, 2013;McGuire, James, & Papadopoulos, 2016;Tsang & Yamanoi, 2016), replication studies are not common in the IM discipline. Yet, replication is particularly crucial to IM because IM studies are expected to deliver actionable results and implications (Grøgaard et al., 2022), and they are by definition context-specific as the findings are largely subject to heterogeneous institutional settings in both geographic and temporal aspects (Buckley et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2023). ...

Do your Findings Depend on your Data(base)? A Comparative Analysis and Replication Study Using the Three Most Widely Used Databases in International Business Research
  • Citing Article
  • June 2016

Journal of International Management