Babrak Karwand’s research while affiliated with American University of Afghanistan and other places

Babesia is tick-borne apicomplexan protozoa which causes babesiosis. Babesiosis is an important tick-borne disease that affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals and occasionally humans in tropical and subtropical countries. So far, more than 100 different Babesia species have been identified in animals. Babesiosis occurs globally and can lead to significant economic losses, including mortality, decreased meat and milk production, and indirect costs associated with tick control measures. All species of Babesia has heteroxenous lifecycle. Ticks serve as definitive hosts for the sexual development of the organism, while mammals act as intermediate hosts by harboring the asexual stages. Mammals become infected with Babesia through the bite of infected ticks, which inject sporozoites into the bloodstream through their saliva. These sporozoites bind to red blood cells (RBCs), enter them via endocytosis and developing into trophozoites. They reproduce through binary fission, generating merozoites that break open infected red blood cells and invade new ones. Some merozoites develop into gamonts, which engage in sexual reproduction in the tick's gut, resulting in the creation of zygotes that invade the midgut epithelial cells. Zygotes change into motile ookinetes and move to the tick's salivary glands, where they develop into sporozoites. This review topic aims to provide useful informa¬tion about the mechanism of life cycle, transmission, Economic importance, history and timed of intracellular of Babesia species.

This study investigates CCHF epidemiological cases at a national level from 2007 to 2024, focusing on tick species identification, CCHFV molecular detection, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors associated with the disease's distribution in domestic animals (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and chickens) in Kunduz and Takhar provinces of Afghanistan. Analyzing national surveillance data for CCHF prevalence from 2007 to 2024, encompassing 1,200 samples (720 ticks and 480 blood) were analyzed. Data concerning intrinsic and extrinsic factors were collected, and seroprevalence was determined using RT-PCR and ELISA. The highest number of confirmed positive cases in humans were reported in 2023 (n = 1,236), and 2022 (n = 389), indicating an annual increase in CCHF cases, with a total case fatality rate of 463, the highest CFR recorded in 2023 (n = 114). Averaging 30.2% over eight years, with a notable death increase until 2018. Among 4,672 collected tick species, Hyalomma predominated, followed by Rhipicephalus, with Dermacentor least found. RT-PCR and ELISA revealed 73 positive cases in Kunduz and 81 in Takhar, with higher seropositivity in the latter. Rustaq (10%) and Dasht-e-Archi (8.2%) showed the highest CCHF prevalence. The present study highlights that early detection plays a crucial role in CCHF mitigation, despite Afghanistan's limited testing capacity and knowledge of CCHF from a one-health perspective.

The need for food is rising globally as the human population continues to rise. People in better socioeconomic countries have a tendency to substitute meat and high quality items for grains in their diets. Over the past thirty years, there has been a seventy percent increase in their choice of chicken as a protein source. Antibiotics accumulate in animal tissues as a result of overuse and misuse in treating illnesses and fostering animal growth. From there, they enter human bodies through the food chain. This study provides a detailed assessment of comparative studies on the dangers to human health posed by antibiotic residue (AR) in foods, including milk and meat from animal sources. The usage of several veterinary antibiotics in animal farms, which can result in ARs, is the main topic of this review's early section. Later on, there has been a thorough discussion of ARs in dietary items, such as milk and meat. People from underdeveloped and impoverished nations are particularly susceptible to infectious diseases brought on by bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, according to review research on the problems with antibiotic use and human health. Towards the conclusion of the review, a few alternative strategies are outlined, taking into account their potential exposure to substitute antibiotics as growth promoters and reducing the prevalence of antibiotic resistant genes. These strategies include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, phytogenic feed additives, and other substances.

Simple Summary Spermatogenesis and hormones secretions are serious life-threating and complicated process, which can be improve through science-based approaches. Royal jelly is a thick white milky fluid secreted by the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of young nurse worker bees (Apis mellifera) and used to feed their queen to expand their life. The results of the study revealed that, the growth performance of testis in exposed mice to freeze-dried Royal Jelly for 35 consecutive days were significantly enhanced in moderate dose among other treated doses. However, at Post Natal Days (PNDs 14 and PNDs 21), obviously changes were observed in histological examination of the testis while at PNDs-07 no major changes were observed. The Tunnel assay showed that, less apoptotic cells were detected in the testis of mice in high dose of freeze-dried RJ and oral administration of freeze-dried royal jelly can aggravate adverse effects via tempestuous on sexual hormone secretion at both PNDs 21 and PNDs 35 respectively. Abstract Spermatogenesis and hormones secretions are crucial endocrine and physiological process for maintaining the life. Royal Jelly (RJ) bioactive components are Major Royal Jelly Proteins (MRJPs), owing exceptional biological properties. However, the effects of RJ on pup’s testicular development during neonatal and pubertal period exposure hasn’t been adequately studied. The aim of the study was to detect neonatal sexual hormones concentration and histopathological changes on testicular development of the male progeny after oral exposure to freeze-dried RJ for 35 consecutive days. After mice give birth, male pups were collected together, separated by sex, and randomly standardized to seven (7) male pups per dam. Male pups were assigned to control diet (CON group), low dose RJ (L-RJ group) diet (control diet + 125 mg/kg/day RJ), moderate dose RJ (M-RJ group) diet (control diet + 250 mg/kg/day RJ) and high dose of RJ (H-RJ group) diet (control diet + 500 mg/kg/day RJ). After weaning, male pups were continuously fed with freeze-dried RJ until the age of PNDs 35. The results revealed that, oral M-RJ (250 mg/kg/day) administration significantly (p < 0.05) increased the testis weight, the diameter of seminiferous tubule and the height of seminiferous epithelium of offspring mice at PNDs 14. However, high-dose RJ (500 mg/kg/day) decreased the diameter of seminiferous tubule but increased the height of seminiferous epithelium of male offspring (p < 0.05) at the same time point. Furthermore, oral M-RJ treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the testis weight and spermatogenesis at PNDs 21. Whereas, oral H-RJ treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the diameter of seminiferous tubule and the height of seminiferous epithelium at PNDs 21. At PNDs 35, oral M-RJ treatment increased the testis weight, the diameter of seminiferous tubule and the level of FSH. While, high-dose of RJ reduced testis weight and size (diameter of seminiferous tubule and height of seminiferous epithelium), ratio of apoptotic germ cells and incomplete spermatogenesis collectively. In addition, sexual hormone secretions (FSH, LH, E2) were decreased after RJs treatment (L-RJ, M-RJ, H-RJ) at PNDs 21 respectively. In conclusion, the results concluded that oral administration of low and moderate doses of RJ could enhance the development of testis at neonate period until pubescent, whereas unfavorable adverse effects induced by high dose of RJ might remain.