B. W. Ward's research while affiliated with Queen Mary, University of London and other places
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Publications (8)
Measurements have been made of Townsend's first ionization coefficient α in methane for a range of E/p0 from 243 to 220 V cm-1 torr-1 and a range of pressures p0, referred to 0°C, from 83 to 9920 torr (14 atmospheres absolute). Three independent methods have been used, involving studies of the steady conduction current, the shape of the current pul...
The electric strength of n-hexane, measured with 1 μsec pulse voltages, can be changed appreciably by the application of a static stress to the system before pulses are applied. The mean pulse strength of n-hexane is approximately 1.5 MV cm⁻¹, but when using oxidized stainless-steel electrodes and air-saturated n-hexane the strength can be increase...
Townsend's first ionisation coefficient a has been determined in methane by three independent methods for a range of pressures between atmospheric and 14 atm absolute, thus extending the range of previous measurements to lower values of E/p and much higher pressures. It is confirmed that ¿/p is dependent only on the value of E/p.
Previous investigators, when measuring the electric strength of hydrocarbon liquids with short-duration rectangular pulses, have assumed that the statistical component of the breakdown time was insignificant compared with the formative time. In the present investigation, however, the time to breakdown was measured directly by the use of step-functi...
Hitherto it has been accepted that breakdown under pulse conditions occurs in liquid hydrocarbons with an insignificant statistical time lag. Theories have been developed in which the whole of any time lag measured has been assigned to a formative time, but these theories are not at all satisfactory. The paper shows that (a) that a significant stat...
Citations
... The random nature of discharges under liquid is mainly seen as a crucial inhibitor of the process for most of the applications. The randomness is easily observed through variations of the time evolution of the discharge [1,2] which results from variation of initiation and propagation mechanisms. As a consequence other properties of the discharge such as breakdown voltage and current flow also show disparity from one experiment to another. ...
... The random nature of discharges under liquid is mainly seen as a crucial inhibitor of the process for most of the applications. The randomness is easily observed through variations of the time evolution of the discharge [1,2] which results from variation of initiation and propagation mechanisms. As a consequence other properties of the discharge such as breakdown voltage and current flow also show disparity from one experiment to another. ...
... In pure gases, the Townsend ionization coefficient α has been studied in several works and is well known in pure Ar [32][33][34][35] and pure N 2 [36][37][38][39]. To date various mixtures of Ar with other gases have been investigated: Ar with Ne [40,41], methane [42], ethane [43], and dimethyl-ether [44]. ...
... Paschen law violation in compressed gas may be associated with the flash of electron emission. Such an ejection from a cathode surface in case of nitrogen can contain up to 10 6 electrons [5]. ...
