B Lauterbach’s research while affiliated with Technical University of Munich and other places

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Publications (4)


Wulf Lauterbach Toole 1999
  • Data

July 2015

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366 Reads

G Wulf

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B Lauterbach

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Learning advantages of an external focus in golf
  • Article
  • Full-text available

July 1999

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3,338 Reads

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168 Citations

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

This study examined whether the learning advantages of an external focus of attention relative to an internal focus, as demonstrated by Wulf, Höss, and Prinz (1998), would also be found for a sport skill under field-like conditions. Participants (9 women, 13 men; age range: 21-29 years) without experience in golf were required to practice pitch shots. The practice phase consisted of 80 practice trials. One group was instructed to focus on the arm swing (internal focus), whereas another group was instructed to focus on the club swing (external focus). One day after practice, a retention test of 30 trials without instructions was performed. The external-focus condition was more effective for performance during both practice and retention.

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The Learning Advantages of an External Focus of Attention in Golf

February 1999

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775 Reads

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428 Citations

This study examined whether the learning advantages of an external focus of attention relative to an internal focus, as demonstrated by Wulf, Hööß, and Prinz (1998), would also be found for a sport skill under field-like conditions. Participants (9 women, 13 men; age range: 21–29 years) without experience in golf were required to practice pitch shots. The practice phase consisted of 80 practice trials. One group was instructed to focus on the arm swing (internal focus), whereas another group was instructed to focus on the club swing (external focus). One day after practice, a retention test of 30 trials without instructions was performed. The external-focus condition was more effective for performance during both practice and retention.


Citations (3)


... In Task 2, only the first motion was identified as slightly challenging. Prior research on attention capacity has indicated that as conditions become more complex, greater attention is required, thereby making it more challenging to automate motor control [40][41][42][43]. In other words, as the difficulty of the motions increased, the success rate of the task decreased and the difficulty level increased. ...

Reference:

Devising a Simple Evaluation Method for Assessing Motor Coordination in the Upper and Lower Limbs
Learning benefits of an external focus of attention in golf
  • Citing Article
  • January 1998

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

... Initial research conducted by Wulf et al. (1998Wulf et al. ( , 1999Wulf et al. ( , 2000 on attentional focus did not include any manipulation check. Early research on the topic identified a lack of adherence to instructions by some participants (Maxwell & Masters, 2002), while Mullen (2007) identified the absence of manipulation checks as a "fundamental problem with the attentional focus research" (p. ...

The Learning Advantages of an External Focus of Attention in Golf

... Motor performance and EMG activity. Manipulation check which evaluated how extent the participants concentrated on the instructed target showed no significant difference between the EF and IF conditions (EF, 7.9 [6][7][8][9][10]; IF, 7.6 [5][6][7][8][9]). The subjective ratings of performance were 2.6 (range [1][2][3][4][5] for 'flight trajectory of the dart' in the EF condition, and 3.9 (range 2-6) for 'elbow angle at release' in the IF condition (Fig. 1A). ...

Learning advantages of an external focus in golf

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport