B A Callander’s research while affiliated with Department of Energy and Climate Change, UK and other places

... For instance, precipitation trends from recent decades revealed an increased frequency of extreme rain events in many regions, where climate change is suspected to be the direct cause (Madsen et al. 2009). Furthermore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated a temperature increase ranging between 1°C and 3.5°C by the year 2100, due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (Houghton et al. 1996;. They claimed that there is a 90% chance of augmented heavy rainfall event frequency in the 21st century and a probable increase in higher-latitude storms by 40%, because of continuing global warming. ...

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A Comprehensive Guide to Managing Municipal Infrastructure Assets

... It mainly comprises of approximately 45-60% CH 4 and 40-60% CO 2 (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). CH 4 and CO 2 are the main and the most affecting greenhouse gases to the global warming problem due to their ability to absorb solar energy and maintain it near earth's crust for years (Houghton and Callander, 1992). In sanitary landfills equipped with gas recovery system, LFG is collected and utilized mainly for energy production due to CH 4 existence. ...

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Assessment of carbon footprint emissions and environmental concerns of solid waste treatment and disposal techniques; case study of Malaysia

... However, significant uncertainties remain in the global N 2 O budget [3], primarily due to substantial spatial and temporal variations in the biogenic N 2 O in-/out-flux. Historically, the known inputs (i.e., sources) of atmospheric N 2 O have been lower than the known outputs (i.e., sinks) [4][5][6][7][8], indicating that either the known input fluxes have been underestimated or unidentified sources may exist. Biogenic N 2 O production has traditionally been attributed solely to microbial nitrogen transformations, specifically nitrification, nitrifier-denitrification, and denitrification processes. ...

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Isotopic Signatures and Fluxes of N2O Emitted from Soybean Plants and Soil During the Main Growth Period of Soybeans

... Though such accounts typically are much more detailed than merely holding that one has the right to what one historically has acquired, we include in our set up the principle of grandfathering, holding that distribution of environmental impact rights should be based on the actual status quo distribution of environmental impact. This very simple view probably has no theoretical justification, but we include it because it is widespread in the environmental literature and regulation (Caney, 2009;Houghton, 1995). The selected principles have been translated into equations that allocate the SOS according to the principle as presented in Table 2. ...

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Sharing the safe operating space: Exploring ethical allocation principles to operationalize the planetary boundaries and assess absolute sustainability at individual and industrial sector levels

... While the IPCC had its own set schedule for producing comprehensive assessment reports, the production of special reports was often driven by immediate political needs and therefore their schedule was determined largely by the rhythms of international negotiations at the UNFCCC. This was particularly evident in the undertaking of the IPCC's first special report-the Special Report to the UNFCCC COP1 (IPCC 1994a;1994b). Unlike any other special report, this first special report is not a single document but consists of two separate reports and contains three different parts, each of which was prepared and approved independently by the three Working Groups (WGs). 5 The story behind the birth of this first special report was that fast-evolving politics in the early 1990s necessitated the readjustment of the work schedule of IPCC assessment (Bolin 2007;Provost 2019). ...

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The history and future of IPCC special reports: A dual role of politicisation and normalisation

... Adequate representation of land-atmosphere processes in Earth system models is critical for accurate climate change projections (Garratt, 1993;Kabat et al., 1998;Barnett et al., 2005), hydrology (Anderson et al., 2012;Seiller et al., 2017), and forest management planning (Burger et al., 1999;Schoenholtz et al., 2000;Launiainen et al., 2019Launiainen et al., , 2022Goude et al., 2022). It has long been recognized that climate change is likely to have major impacts at high latitudes, such as in the circumpolar boreal biome (Houghton et al., 1990(Houghton et al., , 1992(Houghton et al., , 1996; the boreal forest, part of the circumpolar boreal biome, is the second largest biome on Earth (Landsberg and Gower, 1997) and covers nearly 30% of the world's land surface (FAO, 2001). It provides critical ecosystem services to northern populations (Brandt et al., 2013) and is responsible for a significant proportion of carbon, energy, and water fluxes at the Earth's surface (Gauthier et al., 2015). ...

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Impacts of forest canopy heterogeneity on plot-scale hydrometeorological variables -Insights from an experiment in the humid boreal forest with the Canadian Land Surface Scheme

... These focused on projected future emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). 78 Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES)-released in 2000 and used in the IPCC's Third Assessment Report (TAR) and Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). The SRES covers a wide range of the main drivers of climate change, from demographic to technological and economic developments, and includes all relevant GHGs and sulphur, and their driving forces. ...

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Climate change, malaria and neglected tropical diseases: a scoping review

... Maskell et al stated that nitrous oxide contributes to the greenhouse effect by approximately 6%; however, it has been estimated that only 1% of this is due to anaesthetic use. 19,20 ...

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An alternative sedation option for special care patients: combined inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen and intravenous sedation with midazolam