Armand Chatard's research while affiliated with Université de Poitiers and other places
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Publications (117)
Twenty years after 9/11, the impact of terrorism on social and political attitudes remains unclear. Several large-scale surveys suggest that terrorism has no discernible effects on direct, self-report measures of prejudice toward Arab-Muslims. However, direct measures may lack the sensitivity to detect subtle underlying attitudes that are considere...
While public health crises such as the coronavirus pandemic transcend national borders, practical efforts to combat them are often instantiated at the national level. Thus, national group identities may play key roles in shaping compliance with and support for preventative measures (e.g., hygiene and lockdowns). Using data from 25,159 participants...
Twenty years after 9/11, the impact of terrorism on social and political attitudes remains unclear. Several large-scale surveys suggest that terrorism has no discernible effects on direct, self-report measures of prejudice towards Arab-Muslims. However, direct measures may lack the sensitivity to detect subtle underlying attitudes that are consider...
Résumé
La violence conjugale et familiale a longtemps été représentée dans nos sociétés patriarcales comme un droit exercé et légitimé par les hommes sur leur famille. Il existe souvent une continuité entre la violence conjugale et l’homicide, mais nous pouvons constater que la séparation conjugale tient une place particulière dans ce crime, de par...
Self-focus has been shown to induce negative thoughts and affects. We hypothesized that individual differences in sense of entrapment moderate the effects of self-focus on failure- and escape-thought accessibility. Participants (N = 150) were briefly primed with their first names or a random string of letters (33 ms), before completing a lexical de...
Background
The severity of symptoms represents an important source of distress in patients with a psychiatric disease. However, the extent to which this endogenous stress factor interacts with genetic vulnerability factors for predicting suicide risks remains unclear.
Methods
We evaluated whether the severity of symptoms interacts with a genetic v...
U.S.-based research suggests conservatism is linked with less concern about contracting coronavirus and less preventative behaviors to avoid infection. Here, we investigate whether these tendencies are partly attributable to distrust in scientific information, and evaluate whether they generalize outside the U.S., using public data and recruited re...
Background: The reduced capacity to mentally simulate future scenarios could be of clinical importance in alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying episodic future thinking (EFT) impairment in AUD.
Methods: We tested patients with severe AUD with two measures of EFT: the individual’s own subjective experi...
U.S.-based research suggests conservatism is linked with less concern about contracting coronavirus and less preventative behaviors to avoid infection. Here, we investigate whether these tendencies are partly attributable to distrust in scientific information, and evaluate whether they generalize outside the U.S., using public data and recruited re...
U.S.-based research suggests conservatism is linked with less concern about contracting coronavirus and less preventative behaviors to avoid infection. Here, we investigate whether these tendencies are partly attributable to distrust in scientific information, and evaluate whether they generalize outside the U.S., using public data and recruited re...
Objective
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by its heterogeneous nature and by different dimensions of obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are used to treat OCD, but up to 40% to 60% of patients do not show a significant improvement with these medications. In this...
Background
Approximately half the people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) relapse into alcohol reuse in the few weeks following withdrawal treatment. Brain stimulation and cognitive training represent recent forms of complementary interventions in the context of AUD.
Objective
To evaluate the clinical efficacy of transcranial direct current stimula...
The present research aimed to investigate whether retraining thin-beautiful associations could modify implicit beliefs relating thinness to beauty, increase me-beauty associations, and decrease explicit body anxiety in young women. In Experiment 1 (N = 180 women), participants were repeatedly exposed to beauty-related words paired with thin-related...
Background
Spontaneous motor responses of approach and avoidance toward stimuli are important in characterizing psychopathological conditions, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, divergent results have been reported, possibly due to confounded parameters (i.e. using a symbolic versus a sensorimotor task, implementation of approach‐avoida...
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear w...
There is a debate over whether actions that resist devaluation (i.e., compulsive alcohol consumption) are primarily habit- or goal-directed. The incentive habit account of compulsive actions has received support from behavioral paradigms and brain imaging. In addition, the self-reported Creature of Habit Scale (COHS) has been proposed to capture in...
Mobile phone use and misuse have become a pressing challenge in today's society. Dangerous mobile phone use, such as the use of a mobile phone while driving, is widely practiced, though banned in several jurisdictions. Research aiming at unfolding the psychological predictors of dangerous mobile phone use have so far been scarce. Especially, resear...
Self-focused attention has been shown to induce negative thoughts and affects. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt moderate the effects of self-awareness priming on failure- and escape-thought accessibility. Using a priming procedure known to increase self-awareness, participant...
There is a debate over whether actions that resist devaluation (i.e. compulsions) are primarily habit-or goal-directed. The incentive habit account of compulsive actions has received support from behavioral paradigms and brain imaging. In addition, the self-reported Creature of Habit Scale (COHS) has been proposed by Ersche et al. (2017) to capture...
Background
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex disorder with 40%–60% of patients' refractory to treatment. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to induce potent and long‐lasting effects on cortical excitability. The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of c...
Research shows that negative or threatening emotional stimuli can foster movement velocity and force. However, less is known about how evaluative threat may influence movement parameters in endurance exercise. Based on social self-preservation theory, the authors predicted that evaluative threat would facilitate effort expenditure in physical exerc...
Previous research indicates that individuals often deal with death anxiety by affirming beliefs in national or cultural superiority (worldview defense). Because worldview defense may be associated with negative consequences (ethnocentrism), it is important to identify alternative means to deal with death-related thoughts, especially in times of a p...
Background. Recent research suggests that evaluative conditioning can change implicit evaluation of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students (Houben, Havermans et al., 2010). This study has been conceptually replicated in two previous studies. To date, however, there is no direct and independent replication of the original study...
When individuals are exposed to their own image in a mirror, known to increase self-awareness, they may show increased accessibility of suicide-related words (a phenomenon labeled “the mirror effect”; Selimbegović & Chatard, 2013). We attempted to replicate this effect in a pre-registered study (N = 150). As in the original study, self-awareness wa...
Low insight is reported as a risk factor for relapse among patients treated for alcohol use disorders. However, to date, little is known on why patients with low insight are at higher risk for relapse. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that an implicit preference for alcohol over abstinence predicts relapse in patients with low, but not high,...
Aims: Recent research suggests that evaluative conditioning (EC) can change implicit evaluations of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students (Houben et al., 2010a). This research has been conceptually replicated in two previous studies. To date, however, no direct and independent replication of the original study has been perfor...
Directing one’s attention towards the self makes salient the discrepancy between the actual and the ideal self (Duval & Wicklund, 1972). Hence, self-aware individuals should be motivated to escape from this aversive state (Chatard & Selimbegovic, 2011).
General Hypothesis: Self-awareness should increase the accessibility of escape-related thoughts....
A team of 37 researchers (Many Labs 4; Klein et al., 2019) has recently reported that it has failed to replicate the effect of mortality salience on worldview defense-a classic finding from terror management theory (TMT). This collaborative project (21 labs, N = 2220) has the potential to provide useful information regarding the robustness of an of...
A previous study by Nock et al. (2010) suggested that people's implicit identification with "death" or "suicide" can accurately predict whether they will attempt suicide several months in advance. We report the first direct and independent replication of this promising finding. Participants were 165 patients seeking treatment at a psychiatric unit...
Alcoholism Insight Assessment Scale: validation of the French version of the Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale (HAIS) questionnaire
The concept of insight refers to the patient’s perception and awareness of their disorder. Its deficit in the context of alcohol addiction refers to the lack of awareness that one has a drinking problem, associated with (1)...
Compulsive behaviors (e.g., addiction) can be viewed as an aberrant decision process where inflexible reactions automatically evoked by stimuli (habit) take control over decision making to the detriment of a more flexible (goal-oriented) behavioral learning system. These behaviors are thought to arise from learning algorithms known as “model-based”...
Over the last ten years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgments of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear w...
Addiction behaviors are characterized by conditioned responses responsible
for craving and automatic actions as well as disturbances within the supervisory network, one of the key elements of which is the inhibition of prepotent response. Interventions such as brain stimulation and cognitive training targeting this imbalanced system can potentially...
Objective:
The present study compared the ability of two contemporary theories of suicidal behavior-the interpersonal and escape theories of suicide-to predict suicidal ideation. The interpersonal theory proposes that the interaction of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness predicts suicidal ideation. The escape theory proposes that...
Our findings demonstrate specific reinforcement learning and decision-making deficits in behavioral addiction that advances our understanding and may be important dimensions for designing effective interventions.
Background. Compulsive behaviors (e.g., addiction) can be viewed as an aberrant decision process where inflexible reactions automatically evoked by stimuli (habit) take control over decision making to the detriment of a more flexible (goal-oriented) behavioral learning system. These behaviors are thought to arise from learning algorithms known as “...
Addiction behaviors are characterized by conditioned responses responsible for craving and automatic actions as well as disturbances within the supervisory network, one of the key elements of which is the inhibition of prepotent response. Interventions such as brain stimulation and cognitive training targeting this imbalanced system can potentially...
Background:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex disorder with 40 to 60 % of patients resistant to treatment. Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) is a promising new technique that has been shown to induce potent and long lasting effects on cortical excitability. The present study evaluated for the first time therapeutic...
Objective: The present study compared the ability of two contemporary theories of suicidal behavior—the interpersonal and escape theories of suicide—to predict suicidal ideation. The interpersonal theory proposes that the interaction of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness predicts suicidal ideation. The escape theory proposes that f...
Research on the imagined contact hypothesis suggests that simply imagining a positive interaction with an out-group member can reduce prejudice toward stigmatized social groups. To date, however, it remains unclear whether imagined contact has transient or long-lasting effects. This preregistered study (N = 153) tested the hypothesis that a single...
Indirect measures of cognition have become an important tool in research on addiction. To date, however, no research has examined whether indirect measures of parent attachment relate to substance use. To examine this issue, a sample of college students (N = 121) was asked to complete two measures of explicit attachment (the Relationship Questionna...
Research on the imagined contact hypothesis suggests that simply imagining a positive interaction with an out-group member can reduce prejudice towards stigmatized social groups. To date, however, it remains unclear whether imagined contact has transient or long-lasting effects. This preregistered study (N = 153) tested the hypothesis that a single...
Indirect measures of cognition have become an important tool in research on addiction. To date, however, no research has examined whether indirect measures of parent attachment relate to substance use. To examine this issue, a sample of college students (N = 121) was asked to complete two measures of explicit attachment (the Relationship Questionna...
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories....
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance to examine variation in effect magnitudes across sample and setting. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples and 15,305 total participants from 36 countries and territories. Using co...
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories....
Concerns about the veracity of psychological research have been growing. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and nonrepresentative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Crowdsourced research, a type of large-scale collaboration in which...
Concerns have been growing about the veracity of psychological findings. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and non-representative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Large-scale collaboration, in which one or more research projects a...
This is the appendix 1.
(DOCX)
Women are routinely exposed to images of extremely slim female bodies (the thin ideal) in advertisements, even if they do not necessarily pay much attention to these images. We hypothesized that paradoxically, it is precisely in such conditions of low attention that the impact of the social comparison with the thin ideal might be the most pronounce...
Background:
Recent research suggests that a brief computer-delivered intervention based on evaluative conditioning (EC) can change the implicit evaluation of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students. We tested whether we could obtain similar findings in a high-powered preregistered study and whether hazardous drinking moderates...
Research on body image suggests that social comparison with the thin ideal has a number of negative consequences for women. To date, however, little is known on how social comparison with the thin ideal affects the accessibility of positive thoughts and feelings about the self (implicit self-liking). To examine this issue, one hundred and twenty-si...
Last update on October 14, 2017We have developed and tested a new experiment script that bypasses the need for special equipment (CRT monitor). The new script has been successfully tested on a MacBook Pro computer (see https://osf.io/3xsg9/). An English version of the new script is available here: https://osf.io/spzvd/. We recommend using this scri...
Although social comparison is often considered as an automatic process, the evidence in support of this idea is weak and inconclusive. In this paper, we reexamined the question of automaticity in social comparison by testing the hypothesis that subliminal social comparison affects explicit self-evaluations. In two high-powered experiments, young wo...
Abundant research document the negative effects of thin ideal exposure on women’s psychological well-being (Want, 2009). To date, the most common explanation of those negatives effects refers to social comparisons processes (Festinger, 1954). The question of the automaticity of social comparison remains open. The aim of the present research is to t...
Building on escape and terror management theories, we reasoned that after failure the desire
to escape the self (as reflected in suicide-thought accessibility) would dominate among dysphoric students, while fear of death (as indexed by death-thought accessibility) would dominate among nondysphoric students. The present study (N = 82 college student...
Three experiments investigated the impact of nuclear accident reminders on support for nuclear power, as a function of initial attitudes towards environmental protection. Data were collected in France, where nuclear plants produce approximately 80% of the country's electricity, and where this is a highly politicized issue. Nuclear accident reminder...
Terrorism cannot be easily studied experimentally for obvious reasons. We report the results of a laboratory study (N = 149) testing the effect of cultural worldviews on feelings of threat and hostility toward Muslims in France that include in the design the deadly terrorist attack of January 7 th 2015 in Paris as a naturally occurring independent...
L’idéal de minceur est connu pour provoquer des effets indésirables chez de nombreuses femmes. Deux études expérimentales ont testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle des contenus de pensées négatifs deviendraient automatiquement plus accessibles et des contenus positifs moins accessibles suite à l’exposition à l’idéal de minceur. Des mesures implicites on...
Les symboles nationaux sont des indices subtils de notre environnement non perçus consciemment. Ils aboutissent à la manifestation de nationalisme à l'égard des minorités perçues menaçantes, notamment religieuses.
L’originalité de ce travail repose dans la mesure implicite des préjugés et des attitudes. Notre objectif sera de montrer en quoi l’act...
Autobiographical memories are a major feature of mental life in humans. However, research on the influence of autobiographical recall on actual behaviour is scarce. We predicted and found that general memories of failure and specific memories of success resulted in worse performance than general memories of success and specific memories of failure....
Une étude a été menée afin de de tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'augmentation des pensées négatives (notamment celles liées au suicide) observée suite à l'exposition à l'idéal de minceur est automatique. Nous nous attendions à ce qu'une telle augmentation soit favorisée par la charge cognitive et l'impulsivité, et plus particulièrement sur la s...
These findings suggest that implicit memory biases may contribute to explain gender differences in decisions to major in math/science.
The extent to which we see ourselves as similar or different from others in our lives plays a key role in getting along and participating in social life. This volume identifies research relevant to such communal functions of social comparisons and summarizes and organizes this research within a single, coherent conceptual framework. The volume prov...
Two studies examined the influence of an anti-discrimination norm on Swiss nationals' discrimination against foreigners as a function of initial attitude (pro-foreigner vs. anti-foreigner) and in-group threat (i.e., whether or not foreigners are perceived as taking nationals' jobs). Results showed that anti-foreigners decreased their level of discr...
Reminding individuals of their mortality intensifies their support for their culture, decreases their support for foreign cultures, or both (Greenberg, Solomon, & Pyszczynski, 1997). The present study extends this basic finding by examining reactions to contempo- rary popular music, as moderated by authoritarianism. Participants assigned to a morta...
According to objective self-awareness theory, when individuals are in a state of self-awareness, they tend to compare themselves to their standards. Self-to-standard comparison often yields unfavorable results and can be assimilated to a failure, activating an escape motivation. Building on recent research on the link between failure and suicide th...
We present an experimental method to assess the impact of world events on political
attitudes. Building on cognitive priming research, we expose experimental groups to
reminders of historical events and a control group to neutral pictures and captions.
Attitudes of interest are assessed afterward. Differences between experimental and
control groups...
The present study (N = 293) examined whether stereotype endorsement and prejudice moderate stereotype lift (i.e., a performance boost caused by the salience of a negative out-group stereotype in the testing situation). The stereotype in the focus of inquiry was the belief that immigrant students have lower intellectual ability than native students....
The present research examined the influence of education on attitudes toward affirmative action. Studies 1 and 2 showed no impact of education on attitudes toward “soft” policies of affirmative action. In contrast, they showed less support of the more educated to “hard” policies of affirmative action. Neither prejudice (Study 2), nor understanding...
Two studies conducted in the aftermath of the Côte
d'Ivoire civil war tested the anxiety buffer disruption theory prediction that high war exposure and/or high posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with a disruption in normal anxiety buffering functioning. In line with predictions, Study 1 indicated that mortality salience (as compar...
Two experiments examined the effect of comparison with immigrants on the intellectual performance of stigmatized native students
(i.e., women and students from low socioeconomic backgrounds). It was predicted that such a comparison may boost the test
performance of both groups of students rather than comparison with their counterparts who are not s...
Previous research has identified economic and political factors that can contribute to the outbreak and the duration of armed conflicts. However, the psychological factors that may play a role in conflict escalation and duration have received less attention. Adopting a psychological perspective, the present study aims to investigate the role of dea...
When individuals realize that they fail to attain important standards or expectations, they may be motivated to escape the self, which could lead thoughts of suicide to become more accessible. Six studies examined this hypothesis, mainly derived from escape theory (Baumeister, 1990). The results indicated that whenever individuals realize that they...
Participants (N = 567) from six countries (Belgium, Ivory Coast, Italy, Kosovo, Portugal, and Switzerland) drew borders of their own and of neighbor countries on boundary-free maps. It was predicted and found that the tendency to overestimate versus underestimate the sizes of the countries, compared to the original maps, reflects the perceiver’s at...
Reynolds and colleagues (this issue) make several valuable points in their discussion of dynamic interactionism as a basis for an integration of personality and social psychology. We agree that self-categorization theory provides some extremely important insights into the nature of individuality and personality. However, we also believe that some o...