Anju Yadav’s scientific contributions

The study was undertaken to analyse the income inequality and its pattern among farm households in Udaipur and Banswara districts of southern Rajasthan. The study was based on primary data collected from 240 households with the help of pre structured schedule during the year 2020-21. Selection of farmers categorized into two categories i.e., beneficiary farmers and non-beneficiary farmers under assured and unassured irrigation, respectively. Lorenz curve and Gini Concentration ratio were used to analyzed the data. Results revealed that the Gini-concentration ratio for beneficiary farms was observed lower i.e., 0.36 and 0.40 as compared to non-beneficiary farms i.e., 0.46 and 0.48, respectively in Banswara and Udaipur districts. Thus, it can be concluded that income inequality was lower on beneficiary farms compared to non-beneficiary farms in the study area. Authors recommended that government should encourage the farmers to increase agricultural productivity, use of new technology providing by irrigation facilities by water harvesting technology in study area to increase the farm income and lower down the income inequality.

The present study was conducted to analyze the cost and return of rabi maize in Banswara district of Rajasthan. The study area was selected on the basis of highest gross cropped area of rabi maize in study area. A sample of 120 farmers were selected randomly in the study area during the year 2020-21. Farmers were categorized into two categories i.e., beneficiary (canal irrigation) and non- beneficiary (other than canal irrigation) farms. The standard cost concept method of the CACP was used to calculate cost of cultivation of maize crop. Results revealed that overall cost of cultivation was found ₹37573.98 and ₹37857.86on beneficiary and non- beneficiary farms, respectively. Overall net return was found more on beneficiary compared to non- beneficiary farms. Return per rupee was found more on beneficiary farms compare to non- beneficiary farms i.e., 2.15 and 1.92, respectively.

The present study was based on secondary price information. The study period from January, 2011 to December 2021 was chosen to analyse the price behaviour of major seed spice markets in Rajasthan. The data was analysed using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Vector Error Correction Model to accomplish the objectives of the study. ADF test results showed that price data for coriander, cumin, fenugreek, and fennel were non-stationary at the level and stationary at the first difference level. Values of trace and maximum Eigen of Johansen multiple co-integration tests revealed three co-integration equations in cumin and coriander crops, but only one co-integration equation in fennel prices. Prices of coriander, cumin, and fennel in selected KUMS (Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti) were primarily influenced by the one-month and two-month lag prices of respective market in the long run. The prices of coriander, cumin and fennel demonstrated one-way co-integration in KUMS, Merta City→KUMS, Jodhpur and Ramganj Mandi→Baran while combination of Baran↔Kota, Ramganj Mandi↔Kota and Merta City↔Niwai showed bi-directional co-integration. Fenugreek prices in selected KUMS did not move in tandem over a long period of time. We find that the prices of coriander, cumin and fennel in Rajasthan's selected markets moved in lockstep over time and were influenced by one month or two months lag price of other respective markets.

The study was conducted the growth of area, production and productivity of major pulse crops i.e. gram, black gram, green gram and pigeon pea crops in Karnataka. The study was based on secondary data from 1988-89 to 2017-18. The study period (1988-89 to 2017-18) has been divided into four periods i.e. period-I (1988-89 to 1997-98), period-II (1998-99 to 2007-08), period-III (2008-09 to 2017-18) and overall period (1988-89 to 2017-18). Compound annual growth rates (CAGR) of area, production and productivity of selected pulse were worked out for different periods as well as for entire period of analysis by fitting exponential function. To measure the relative contribution of area, yield and interaction towards the total output change with respect of selected major pulse crops i.e. gram, black gram, green gram and pigeon pea in Karnataka, Minhas and Vaidyanthan, (1965) model has been used. The study revealed that the positive and significant growth rate were observed in area, production and productivity of gram and pigeon pea while decreasing growth was observed in production and productivity of black gram and green gram in the Karnataka. The area effect was more dominant than yield and interaction effect in gram and black gram crops while interaction effect was most powerful to increase in the production of green gram and pigeon pea of Karnataka.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth and instability in area, production, and productivity of major seed spices in Rajasthan. This study was entirely based on secondary data. The study period was separated into three sub-periods: pre-Agri Export Zone Period (1991-92 to 2004-05), post-Agri Export Zone Period (2005-06 to 2019-20), and overall period (1991-92 to 2019-20). The data was analyzed using the compound annual growth rate, Cuddy-Della Valle instability index to accomplish the study's objectives. The results of the study indicated that highest growth rates were observed in the production of fenugreek (7.53%), cumin (18.66%), and fennel (11.15%) during the pre-AEZ, post-AEZ, and overall periods. The highest instability was found in fennel production in Rajasthan, with 49.73, 65.51, and 73.76 percent, respectively. Based on findings, researchers should give more emphasis to increasing the area under cultivation and improving spice productivity. The state government should establish Agri-Export Zones for fenugreek and fennel crops like cumin and coriander. HIGHLIGHTS m The maximum growth rate reported in cumin production in Rajasthan. m The highest variability in area and production of fennel were found in the overall period. m Area and production of coriander augmented negatively after the establishment of AEZ.

Cuddy-Della Valle instability index and decomposition models to accomplish the objectives of the study. The results of study indicated that highest growth rates were seen in the production of fenugreek (7.53%), cumin (18.66%), and fennel (11.15%) during the pre-AEZ, post-AEZ, and overall periods. The highest instability were found in fennel production in Rajasthan, with 49.73, 65.51, and 73.76 percent, respectively. The interaction effect was the driving force behind increased output in the coriander, cumin, fennel, and fenugreek crops in pre-AEZ and post-AEZ periods, whereas the yield effect was dominant for overall period. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.

Rajasthan state is prime producer of fenugreek in India. The present study is confined to secondary time series data on price and arrivals of fenugreek in Rajasthan. The selected study period was varied from January, 2011 to December, 2020. The investigation was undertaken with specific objectives of variability in prices of fenugreek in selected markets of Rajasthan and market co-integration among prices of fenugreek in the study area. The statistical tools viz., Cuddy-Della Valle instability index, Augmented Dickey Fuller and Johansen's multiple Co-integration test were applied. It could be concluded from the findings that prices of fenugreek were more instable in short-run (58.41%) in 2014, when compared with the long-run run period instability index (30.54%) in Kota market. The seasonal price and arrivals indices indicated that maximum arrivals and prices indices of fenugreek were reported during peak season and crop season respectively. The price of fenugreek in the selected markets viz., Kota, Bikaner and Nokha were not moved together in long-run. It means markets are not integrated in directions and causality of fenugreek prices in the selected markets. Spices production are being an important component of horticulture and play pivotal role in Indian agriculture. The International Standard Organization is specified about 109 spices in the world, out of these 75 species are grown in the India. Only sixteen spices viz., black pepper (Piper nigrum),

The present study has been carried out with the objectives of examining growth performance of area and production of rapeseed-mustard along with behavioural change in price and arrivals of rapeseed-mustard in major districts of Rajasthan. The study period from 2010-11 to 2019-20 was selected for growth analysis and January, 2011 to December, 2020 selected for study of price and arrivals of rapeseed-mustard. The results shown that production of rapeseed-mustard was increased at positive rate and area at negative in Alwar and Sawai Madhopur districts. In case of Bharatpur, the area and production of rapeseed-mustard was reported positive growth rate. The instability in annual arrivals of rapeseed-mustard was recorded very high in KUMS, Alwar and KUMS, Dig as compared to KUMS, Nagar and KUMS, Sawai Madhopur. In case of prices, the variability in all selected Krishi Upaj Mandi Samities were record in mid-range. Highlights: Highest arrivals instability was reported in Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti, Alwar The production of rapeseed-mustard was showed positive growth rate in Rajasthan.

Rajasthan state is the second largest oilseeds producer and land coverage in the country. The share of oilseed crops is scheduled the significant growth in area and output in latest 20 years. Nevertheless, compare to wheat and gram, the growth rate of area and production of several oilseeds is less significant and there exist wide instability in their productivity in scattered part of the state. This study investigates to growth, its contributors and variability in area, production and productivity of major oilseed crops. The study period from 1990-91 to 2019-20 was divided into three sub-periods viz., period-I (1990-91 to 2004-05); period-II (2005-06 to 2019-20) and Overall study Period (1990-91 to 2019-20). Time series data were collected from various public E-sources to compute the growth, instability and decomposition in oilseeds production. It was revealed from the analysis that growth of kharif oilseeds was higher than rabi oilseeds. The highest instability (31.78) in production and productivity was reported in period-I for kharif oilseeds. In case of relative contribution, the area effect (416.85) and yield effects (211.10) were more effective in production of taramira and sesame crops, respectively. This analysis suggested that during period-I and II area effect was dominant in changing output of taramira and rapeseed-mustard. Highlights m Highest instability was reported in production and yield of kharif oilseeds. m Area and yield components were contributed more in taramira and sesame oilseeds.

India is a developing country, where livestock sector is highly dynamic due to rapidly increasing demand for animal products in various sectors. Livestock sector contributes about 37 and 4.1 percent in agriculture and gross domestic product (GDP) respectively, of the country. It contributes in the socioeconomic development of rural livelihoods. It is revealed from the investigation that in India, about 50 per cent of bovine (buffalo and cattle) population is maintained by the marginal farming households. We have argued that women have predominant responsibility for animal rearing. The productions of milk, meat and wool have increased tremendously with the increase in livestock composition. Despite the fact that exports of livestock sector have expanded in numerous times over the study period. India held strong position in exports of livestock products as poultry and dairy produce and buffalo's meat. Study purposes that the Central Government of India should recognize and agree to implement the new programmes to expand the production behaviour of livestock products particularly in drought areas. HIGHLIGHTS m India's exports of livestock products were moderately volatile. m The total livestock population in India has positive expanding trend by 5.05 per cent.