Angèle Proust’s research while affiliated with Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University and other places
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Public policies on urban agriculture and food in the metropolises of São Paulo and Belo Horizonte are faced with a major challenge: that of considering a territory that is constantly changing with regard to the process of metropolization that is taking place. Urban agriculture, as a practice that disrupts the disjointed notions of city and countryside, is the practical extension of this theory through concrete actions. The implementation of actions to cultivate the soil is therefore a political practice that renews our view of the metropolis and encourages the emergence of new practices of resistance. We will show that urban agriculture has a political position in the city which encourages the alliance between the metropolitan scale, the municipal scale and the local scale, i.e. that of the urban garden.
This article examines the place of wholesale markets in the food system of São Paulo and assesses their potential in terms of urban governance for the metropolis. Wholesale markets polarize food produced on a continental scale and ensure a constant supply to the margins. However, the highly centralized nature of food distribution also demonstrates the fragility of a deterritorialised production system that tends to encourage distant areas to the detriment of the metropolitan market garden belt. We will use this example to question the resilience and sustainability of the food system in São Paulo and discuss the implementation of urban food governance.
By relying on the case of São Paulo, this article seeks to develop a critical look at urban farming and its potential for contributing to food justice. While this activity constitutes a means of subsistence for urban communities, it is also underlain by principles relating to land ownership, which tend to divert attention from its primary role in food systems. There is an important need first to fight against land inequalities and bad housing in São Paulo, before considering urban farming as a lever for food justice. For this study, I made use of qualitative surveys carried out between 2018 and 2022 in São Paulo, during which I conducted 118 interviews with farmers, consumers, shopkeepers, associations and politico-administrative institutions. My results show at first a socio-economic dichotomy between well-off city dwellers who use community gardens and farmers who practise urban farming on the margins of the city. I maintain that the issue of food justice affects the latter and is filtered through a policy of institutional action and visibility. In conclusion, I argue that urban farming is a potential lever for food justice which is still highly constrained by inequalities and land speculation in São Paulo.
Si, depuis le début des années 2000, le concept de transition remplace souvent
celui de développement durable (Loorbach 2010 ; Falque et al. 2017), c’est qu’il propose un déroulement de méthodes et d’effets attendus qui le rendent plus concret et donc plus susceptible d’être généralisé (Godelier 1990 ; Hopkins 2008). Que la transition soit « imposée » par un stress ou une catastrophe, ou proposée dans le cadre d’une politique publique, la question de la gestion du passage d’un état préalable à un état second se pose selon une temporalité et des modalités d’accompagnement distinctes qui affectent plus ou moins brutalement les territoires et les populations (Padovani et Lysaniuk 2019).
Parmi ses nombreuses déclinaisons, la transition alimentaire retient l’attention car,
en tant que « fait social total », l’alimentation appelle à une pluridisciplinarité large
entre sciences humaines (anthropologie, géographie, sociologie, histoire) et sciences
de la nutrition (de Garine 1988), mais aussi à la prise en compte des conditions de
production (agronomie, écologie) et de distribution (économie, logistique) qui se sont
beaucoup modifiées dans le contexte de la mondialisation. En fonction des niveaux
de développement des pays (en développement plus ou moins avancé, émergents et
développés (Chaléard et Sanjuan 2017)), des inégalités de l’accès à l’alimentation et
de la prise de conscience des externalités négatives des systèmes alimentaires contemporains, la transition alimentaire interroge directement les liens entre environnement et développement et leur prise en compte dans les politiques et programmes alimentaires mis en place en son nom.
Sur la base de cette expérience dans les pays en développement (Afrique sahélienne)
et émergents (Chili, Brésil, Mexique, Inde) et d’une recherche bibliographique
complémentaire, ce chapitre a pour objectif d’analyser l’utilisation de ce modèle de la
transition alimentaire compte tenu des inégalités et des impératifs d’équité sociale en
matière d’alimentation (quantité et qualité), aussi bien dans les pays développés et
émergents que dans les pays en développement. Nous montrons, à partir des définitions de la transition alimentaire et de l’apparente uniformisation mondiale qu’elle suggère, que ce modèle est moins universel qu’il n’y paraît et, surtout, qu’au-delà des
aspects socio-économiques qui définissent la succession des trois phases, les enjeux
politiques et culturels façonnent les trajectoires et les mobilisations des acteurs en
faveur de systèmes alimentaires plus justes.
This article offers a geographical analysis of rural town relations articulate to the studies on food justice in São Paulo. In a context where public policies are influenced by transitional paradigms, the issue of relocating food seems favorable to a revaluation of peri-urban agriculture. In São Paulo, emerging metropolis of a South country marked by strong socio-spatial polarization, the challenges of supply chain’s re-territorialisation deserve to be interviewed. They are in the same time socio-economic, health, symbolic and political. Our hypothesis is that peri-urban agriculture, little supported by public policies, nevertheless contributes to supplementing an unequal food system and to creating a "market food crop" which benefits above the poor inhabitants of the metropolis. Those disadvantaged populations live in urban fringes defined as food desert. They are particularly affected by nutritional diseases as diabetes and obesity caused by malnutrition.
... These changes validate our aim to take a further look at the conceptualisation of food justice, which, inevitably, we still consider as agrifood justice. The articles in this special issue contribute to this aim, and highlight the complexification of relations between food systems' various elements as well as in the way in which they are considered (Clouette, 2022;Darrot and Gallardo, 2022;Guillemin, 2022;Proust, 2022;Sosa Varrotti et al., 2022). The approach through complexity, and the introduction of nuances in agrifood justice thinking, was a wish expressed in the special issue's call for papers with its three ambitions. ...
... However, we observe that, in emerging metropolises like São Paulo, the status of urban farming goes beyond its sole productive function and takes on a socio-landscape role useful to the metropolis (Proust, 2020). Indeed, another form of urban farming has been developing for about 10 years in the central and peri-central suburbs of São Paulo, in the form of community gardens, testifying to the emergence of a middle class (Giacchè, 2015). ...
