Angela L. Duckworth's research while affiliated with University of Pennsylvania and other places

... In October 2022, Duckworth and Milkman summarized the megastudy approach in A Guide to Megastudies [44]. They described its origins, implementation steps, strengths, conditions, limitations, and future. ...

... In addition, the proliferation of recently developed distance-learning methods greatly increases the demands on children's self-regulation capabilities 14,15 -prompting leading institutions such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to conclude that self-regulation is the key twenty-first-century skill for student success and should thus be primarily promoted 16 . A considerable literature emphasizes that self-regulation and related skills are malleable in children [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] , especially by use of explicit strategy instruction [24][25][26] , and that influences during early childhood and in younger ages generally play an important role in later skill formation [27][28][29][30][31] . Despite its fundamental importance, self-regulation is not a school subject-such as reading, language or mathematics-that is directly taught in schools as a regular part of the curriculum. ...

... However, when students were doing related tasks related to Chinese and English, they might be easily distracted because of a lack of interest. And that leads to the question of whether self-control ability can fluctuate when an individual is doing totally different tasks [6,8,13]. Back to the experiment, we believe that some of the students have extraordinary academic performance in some subjects but show overall lower academic performance because we use the percentage of the sum scores of two important exams. ...

... Moreover, vulnerable populations who are disproportionately harmed by COVID-19 benefit indirectly from interventions that boost population vaccination rates. Targeting vaccine lotteries by geographic area can further improve equity(25). ...

... Our findings also connect to the literature on health nudges, which similarly tends to focus on low-cost, scalable interventions. Much of this literature has focused on text-based interventions, which have shown potential across a number of domains, ranging from flu appointments to court appearances (21)(22)(23). Specifically, in the context of COVID-19, Dai et al. (24) sent participants in California text-based reminders to make vaccination salient and easy to remember. They find that reminders sent 1 d and 8 d after notification of vaccine eligibility increased vaccination rates by 3.57% points and 1.06% points, respectively. ...

... Is this research approach suitable for the pressing question of vaccine hesitancy? After the exercise behavior megastudy, Milkman conducted a study on vaccine hesitancy in 2020 [40]. Studies have shown that only 79% of people who intended to receive the influenza vaccine did so [41]. ...

... Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak usia dini melaju sangat pesat dan merupakan saat yang fundamental bagi fase kehidupan selanjutnya (Berk & Longman, 2007). Penyiapan sumber daya manusia Indonesia dapat dilakukan sejak usia dini karena masa ini disebut dengan masa keemasan yang mana stimulasi kepada anak dapat dengan cepat diserap oleh anak dan sangat menentukan masa depannya (Leonard et al., 2022). Pada masa ini, anak usia dini perlu mendapatkan pelayanan yang esensial mencakup seluruh aspek perkembangan anak melalui program PAUD holistik integratif (Oktaviani & Dimyati, 2021). ...

... A study found that descriptive norms could increase physical activity among gym-members, but only if the message describes that "an increasing majority" or "minority" of the population exercises frequently. On the other hand, referring to "increasing minority" or "majority" of the population did not have significant effect on the frequency of gym visits (Milkman, Gromet, et al., 2021). These results highlight the necessity to gain further understanding on the factors influencing the effect of norms. ...

... Nesse estudo, oStroop task (STROOP, 1935) foi utilizado como indutor de FM nos atletas treinados em uma versão adaptada apenas com estímulos incongruentes e a adição da função "troca" a fim de incrementar carga à tarefa cognitiva; além disso, a duração da tarefa com demanda cognitiva variou entre os voluntários para que tivéssemos uma aplicação individualizada da carga cognitiva. Confirmamos, para tanto, que essa configuração foi eficaz para induzir FM ao observarmos aumento nas respostas subjetivas relacionadas à EVA e comportamentais relacionadas ao TR ao estímulo "troca" no Stroop task, independente da condição experimental conduzida (FM ou PPS+FM); ainda, observamos que os atletas submetidos às condições FM e PPS conjugadas apresentaram prejuízo da acurácia ao final da aplicação do Stroop task, possivelmente em decorrência de desengajamento da tarefa em razão da redução da motivação(MILYAVSKAYA et al., 2021), que causa diminuição do esforço para realizar a tarefa na presença de recompensa pouco atrativa.Nesse sentido, o Stroop task é um método que tem sido proposto como indutor de FM em diversos estudos com atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas(HABAY et al., 2021a) e tem sido eficaz em cumprir esse propósito em atletas de futebol(BADIN et al., 2016;COUTINHO et al., 2018; GANTOIS et al., 2020;SMITH et al., 2016a), basquetebol (FORTES et al., 2022aMOREIRA et al., 2018; SHAABANI et al., 2020), badminton(VAN CUTSEM et al., 2019), ciclistas(MARTIN et al., 2016;VRIJKOTTE et al., 2018), corrida de orientação (BATISTA et al., 2021) e sprint (FORTES et al., 2021a) etc. Apesar disso, sabe-se também que é possível induzir a FM com tarefas que não exigem inibição cognitiva (por exemplo, tarefas que exigem funções executivas como memória de trabalho) e que apenas 10 minutos de tarefa com alta demanda cognitiva já parece promover alguma magnitude de FM (DALLAWAY; LUCAS; RING, 2022).O presente estudo, ao propor a individualização da carga cognitiva, optou por adotar um limiar de 70 mm da EVA (0-100 mm) sem delimitar a duração da aplicação do Stroop task.Essa configuração é diferente do que estudos prévios propuseram, uma vez que o Stroop task tem sido aplicado nos estudos com duração variando entre 15 min e 90 min(BADIN et al., 2016;FILIPAS et al., 2021b; GANTOIS et al., 2020;MOREIRA et al., 2018; SHAABANI et al., 2020;TRECROCI et al., 2020;VAN CUTSEM et al., 2019;VOGT et al., 2018) e tem adotado estímulos congruentes e/ou incongruentes em sua configuração(CAO et al., 2022;HABAY et al., 2021a;VAN CUTSEM et al., 2017b). Adicionalmente, verificamos que em estudos prévios os atletas têm alcançado entre 44 mm e 70 mm na EVA quando submetidos ao Stroop task com as configurações mencionadas anteriormente(BADIN et al., 2016;COUTINHO et al., 2018;FILIPAS et al., 2021b; KOSACK et al., 2020;SMITH et al., 2019;TRECROCI et al., 2020;VAN CUTSEM et al., 2019). ...

... Obviously, this narrative resonates with popular beliefs about the value of hard work-beliefs that are succinctly captured in the aphorism "Winners never quit and quitters never win." Another reason why some researchers and practitioners have enthusiastically embraced grit is the hope that grit might offer a target for interventions aimed at fostering individual agency, performance, and success [9,10]. ...