Andrew J. Flanagin's research while affiliated with University of California, Santa Barbara and other places
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Publications (74)
Two studies investigated the effects of exposure to disinformation on citizens’ evaluation of politicians and the impact of corrections. Study 1 tested the roles of message valence and relational closeness of social media connections sharing disinformation. Study 2 examined whether corrections on social networking sites could mitigate the influence...
Online information repositories increasingly serve as memory aids in people’s lives. Access to such information stores, however, can result in false perceived equivalencies between web-based information and personal knowledge, which can in turn influence judgments of oneself, of information search tasks, and of the Internet itself. Cognitive proces...
Research typically presumes that people believe misinformation and propagate it through their social networks. Yet, a wide range of motivations for sharing misinformation might impact its spread, as well as people’s belief of it. By examining research on motivations for sharing news information generally, and misinformation specifically, we derive...
Social media platforms rarely provide data to misinformation researchers. This is problematic as platforms play a major role in the diffusion and amplification of mis- and disinformation narratives. Scientists are often left working with partial or biased data and must rush to archive relevant data as soon as it appears on the platforms, before it...
Source credibility is an ancient topic that has been the focus of renewed and sustained research in the last three‐quarters of a century. Although originally situated in the context of persuasion and conceived as the believability of a source, research has revealed source credibility to be a multidimensional concept consisting of many factors, the...
In spite of the capacity for the Internet to connect people and information irrespective of geography, physical location may paradoxically provide influential indicators of the perceived expertise of strangers and the credibility of the information they provide that may in turn guide people’s behaviors. To address this, this study examined the nove...
The proliferation of online misinformation has been raising increasing societal concerns about its potential consequences, e.g., polarizing the public and eroding trust in institutions. These consequences are framed under the public's susceptibility to such misinformation — a narrative that needs further investigation and quantification. To this en...
Research on digital communication is best served by concentrating not on current technological tools, but rather on the novel processes of social and communicative change to which such technologies are often closely linked. Thus, scholarship should consider contemporary technologies mainly as manifestations of underlying phenomena rather than as pa...
An experiment using a representative sample of US. Internet users in the context of online encyclopedias is conducted to understand how the type of information source (expert-generated, user-generated, or hybrid [both expert- and user-generated]) and message sidedness (one- versus two-sided) affect perceived information credibility. Additionally, i...
The perceived credibility of information plays a major role in information selection and influence (Metzger & Flanagin, 2015). Accordingly, past research has examined people's information selection and their decision outcomes, in both web and social media environments (e.g., Knobloch-Westerwick, 2015; Winter & Krämer, 2012). Yet, in spite of this r...
This entry addresses developments in online survey and experimental methods that improve the efficiency of quantitative online research, as well as recent technological advances that have made possible new means of exploring online populations and phenomena. While fundamental methodological concerns remain crucial for the conduct of sound research...
Mass and interpersonal communication are rapidly converging as people integrate an assortment of Internet-based tools into their communication repertoires. This convergence prompts dramatic changes in the conditions that once were presumed to distinguish mass from interpersonal communication, most notably differences in communication directionality...
This study investigated the effects of message and social cues on selective exposure to political information in a social media environment. Based on the heuristic-systematic model, we hypothesized that readers' selective consideration of specific cues can be explained by situational motivations. In an experiment (N = 137), subjects primed with mot...
Selective exposure research indicates that news consumers tend to seek out attitude-consistent information and avoid attitude-challenging information. This study examines online news credibility and cognitive dissonance as theoretical explanations for partisan selective exposure behavior. After viewing an attitudinally consistent, challenging, or p...
This study investigates comparative optimism—whereby people perceive themselves as relatively invulnerable to risks as compared to others—in the evaluation of online information credibility by children and their parents. Results of a representative national survey of Internet users revealed significant antecedents of children's and parents' compara...
Young people are increasingly turning to the Internet more than to traditional media and information sources to find information. Yet, research demonstrates suboptimal online information literacy among youth today, suggesting potential shortcomings in young people’s information consumption behaviors. To assess this, this study investigates several...
Research has shown that micro-mobilization efforts that invoke social media rely heavily on the influence of personal networks to motivate collective action participation. This study examines whether this trend applies (a) to networks of different levels of personalness, (b) to causes and organizations which people are either unaware of or not affi...
This study introduces the concept of social media self-efficacy, or a person’s perceived ability to reach desired outcomes in the social media environment, and examines the relationship between social media self-efficacy and how people evaluate information found online. Results of a survey of a representative sample of adult Internet users in the U...
Online information pools, such as user-generated encyclopedias and websites that aggregate users' ratings of various products and experiences, are increasingly popular venues where people seek out and share information. While cues about the identity of information sources may be limited in these venues, they may nonetheless incite a sense of shared...
Although extremely popular, electronic commerce environments often lack information that has traditionally served to ensure trust among exchange partners. Digital technologies, however, have created new forms of “electronic word-of-mouth,” which offer new potential for gathering credible information that guides consumer behaviors. We conducted a na...
Networked digital media present new challenges for people to locate information that they can trust. At the same time, societal reliance on information that is available solely or primarily via the Internet is increasing. This article discusses how and why digitally networked communication environments alter traditional notions of trust, and presen...
The warranting principle, signaling theory, and theories of informational social influence suggest conditions when either user-generated information, or information originating from traditional experts, might be privileged online. A random sample of 1207 U.S.-based adults with Internet access completed an experiment that manipulated the source, vol...
Challenging the notion that digital media render traditional, formal organizations irrelevant, this book offers a new theory of collective action and organizing. Based on extensive surveys and interviews with members of three influential and distinctive organizations in the United States - The American Legion, AARP and MoveOn - the authors reconcep...
Recent technological changes have created a radically different information environment from the one that existed even a few decades ago. Rather than coming from a small number of sources, each with a substantial investment in the information production and delivery processes, information is increasingly provided by a wide range of sources, many of...
The vast amount of information available online makes the origin of information, its quality, and its veracity less clear than ever before, shifting the burden on individual users to assess information credibility. Contemporary youth are a particularly important group to consider with regard to credibility issues because of the tension between thei...
The Communication Monographs Café first opened six months ago when it hosted a group of scholars to talk about issues social justice and public scholarship. The conversation was wide-ranging and stimulating, so we knew it was important to open the Café on a regular basis for more interaction about the issues that are engaging today's communication...
With hundreds of millions of users worldwide, social networks provide incredible opportunities for social connection, learning, political and social change, and individual entertainment and enhancement in a wide variety of forms. In light of these notable outcomes, understanding information diffusion over online social networks is a critical resear...
This article invokes research on information seeking and evaluation to address how providers of evidence-based medical information can use Web 2.0 technologies to increase access to, enliven users' experiences with, and enrich the quality of the information available. In an ideal scenario, evidence-based medical information can take appropriate adv...
This study examined the perceived credibility of user-generated (i.e. Wikipedia) versus more expertly provided online encyclopedic information (i.e. Citizendium, and the online version of the Encyclopædia Britannica) across generations. Two large-scale surveys with embedded quasi-experiments were conducted: among 11–18-year-olds living at home and...
Although extremely popular, electronic commerce transactions often lack information that has traditionally served to ensure trust and credibility among exchange partners. The capacity of digital media to aggregate information and connect individuals to one another, however, offers new potential for determining information quality and credibility. T...
In this study, nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in New Zealand were surveyed to explore influences on adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). We sought to extend existing research by considering “institutional” influences alongside organizational and environmental features and by examining how institutional forces affec...
This study examined the perceived credibility of user-generated (i.e. Wikipedia) versus more expertly provided online encyclopedic information (i.e. Citizendium, and the online version of the Encyclopædia Britannica) across generations. Two large-scale surveys with embedded quasi-experiments were conducted: among 11–18-year-olds living at home and...
The tremendous amount of information available online has resulted in considerable research on information and source credibility. The vast majority of scholars, however, assume that individuals work in isolation to form credibility opinions and that people must assess information credibility in an effortful and time-consuming manner. Focus group d...
This study examined young people’s trust of Wikipedia as an information resource. A large-scale probability-based survey with embedded quasi-experiments was conducted with 2,747 children in the U.S. ranging from 11 to 18 years old. Results show that young people find Wikipedia to be fairly credible, but also exhibit an awareness of potential proble...
This article employs and extends the concept of technical code (Feenberg, 1992, 1995a, 1995b) to examine the current state of the internet. The notion of technical code — the cultural and social assumptions and values that become manifest in a technology’s physical and structural forms — is invoked to examine design characteristics of the internet...
This study examined young people's trust of Wikipedia as an information resource. A large scale probability based survey with embedded quasi experiments was conducted with 2,747 children in the U.S. ranging from 11 to 18 years old. Results show that young people find Wikipedia to be fairly credible, but also exhibit an awareness of potential proble...
The proliferation of information sources as a result of networked computers and other interconnected devices has prompted
significant changes in the amount, availability, and nature of geographic information. Among the more significant changes
is the increasing amount of readily available volunteered geographic information. Although volunteered inf...
This research conceptualizes behaviors in online commercial transactions as communication acts intended to reduce uncertainty between interactants. Uncertainty reduction theory and predicted outcome value theory are used to contextualize individuals' motivations and behaviors in the risky and uncertain environment of online consumer-to-consumer (C2...
Data from 574 participants were used to assess perceptions of message, site, and sponsor credibility across four genres of websites; to explore the extent and effects of verifying web-based information; and to measure the relative influence of sponsor familiarity and site attributes on perceived credibility.The results show that perceptions of cred...
Research on computer-mediated communication (CMC) has thus far largely overlooked instant messaging (IM), an extremely popular, and increasingly important, form of CMC. This study examines the most prevalent motivations for using IM within what is currently among the largest demographic groups utilizing this tool, college students. Data from 271 st...
Many explanations of both pro- and anti-social behaviors in computer-mediated communication (CMC) appear to hinge on changes in individual self-awareness. In spite of this, little research has been devoted to understanding the effects of self-awareness in CMC. To fill this void, this study examined the effects of individuals’ public and private sel...
We propose an improved theoretical approach to the rich variety of collective action now present in public life. Toward this end, we advance a conception of collective action as communicative in nature, and offer a two-dimensional model of collective action space, comprising dimensions for (a) the mode of interpersonal interaction and (b) the mode...
Innovation adoption research has demonstrated that organizational features and perceived benefits of innovations play significant roles in explaining organizational-level decisions to adopt new technologies. Beyond such motivations, however, social pressures operating at the interorganizational level have been proposed to influence the decision to...
Public goods theories highlight an incentive system that rewards ‘free riding’ on the contributions of early contributors toward collective actions. However, because such theories focus on creation of the good, they may underestimate returns that accrue to early contributors subsequent to the good's realization. The concept of formative investment...
We propose an improved theoretical approach to the rich variety of collective action now present in public life. Toward this end, we advance a conception of collective action as communicative in nature, and offer a two-dimensional model of collective action space, comprising dimensions for (a) the mode of interpersonal interaction and (b) the mode...
Collective action theory, which is widely applied to explain human phenomena in which public goods are at stake, traditionally rests on at least two main tenets: that individuals confront discrete decisions about free riding and that formal organization is central to locating and contacting potential participants in collective action, motivating th...
Scholars across several disciplines praise the methodological advantages afforded to research endeavors by the use of electronic communication and information technologies. At the same time, however, scholars note several disadvantages stemming from the use of these tools. To assess the utility of electronic communication and information technologi...
his research elaborated and empirically tested the individual action component of the collective action model as applied to individual contributions to organizational information commons. The model extended prior theory and research by making six elaborations on the classic collective action model based on unique characteristics of information good...
This study examined changes in members' satisfaction with group processes as they worked together over time to complete a series of seven group tasks. Members of 10 groups (N=58) communicated with each other using a computer-based collaborative technology over a 10-week period. Satisfaction with group processes was partitioned into individual and g...
Studies of organizational members' assimilation information seeking have focused on traditional channels for uncertainty reduction (e.g., face-to-face communication and traditional technologies like employee handbooks) and on the experiences of newcomers. This investigation extends organizational assimilation research by examining a variety of soci...
Following Gouran (1994), the authors proposed four hypotheses that predict the probability of computer-mediated groups (CMGs) endorsing proposals based on (a) the number of reasons offered for them, (b) the number of members advancing these reasons, (c) the net number of positive reactions to the reasons advanced, and (d) the development of support...
This article develops a framework for the examination of organizational newcomer socialization, in light of recent developments in communication and information technologies. The proposed model specifies how newcomers to organizations select and use advanced technologies to access information and facilitate interpersonal relationships that contribu...
Concerns about the potentially dubious nature of online information and users' ability to evaluate it appropriately prompted this research on college students' use of Web-based information, their perceptions of information credibility, and their online verification behaviors. Two studies were conducted to address these issues. Results of the first...
This field experiment examined the effects of the sex of Web site authors and Web site visitors on perceptions of the credibility of personal Web pages. Participants viewed male and female Web pages created for this study, patterned after personal pages on the Web, and assessed sponsor, message, and Web site credibility. Results revealed that men r...
Researchers examining ‘flaming’ - defined as hostile and aggressive interactions via text-based computer mediated-communication - have proposed theoretical frameworks to explain possible causes. However, precise conceptual and operational definitions of ‘flaming’ have yet to be established, which has implications for understanding this phenomenon....
Technological capabilities and features of the Internet and World Wide Web have prompted concerns about the verity of online information, the credibility of new media, and the new responsibilities placed on media consumers. Reflecting these concerns, scholars have shown a renewed interest in the credibility of sources, their messages, and the media...
Considers the application of technological tools to knowledge management and the difficulties and developments in the technological support of knowledge management. Hopes to capture the tacit knowledge of experienced organizational members, make it more explicit in the form of simulation scenarios, and to turn it into tacit knowledge for trainees t...
The proliferation of new communication technologies over the last 2 decades has increased opportunities for audience activity by offering more choices and greater control aver the communication process for media consumers. However, extant research on the degree of user activity with new media portrays conflicting views of audience members as more a...
This research invokes two theoretical perspectives—the equalization hypothesis and the SIDE model—to examine the impact of individuals' sex on group members' use of anonymous, computer-mediated collaborative technologies. Data from 127 individuals in 22 enduring task groups indicate that the strategies employed differentially by men and women corre...
This chapter summarizes the state of theory and research in organizational communication. The authors highlight the central concerns and major challenges addressed by organizational communication researchers. They begin by isolating the central intellectual and practical currents, and then they identify defining and constituting concepts in organiz...
Although a significant amount of research has focused on traditional media choice and use, and even on some ‘new’ media, these studies have either neglected the Internet and World Wide Web or were conducted prior to their recent popularity. This study offers a novel exploration of individuals' use of three Internet functions (information retrieval,...
Although a significant amount of research has focused on traditional media choice and use, and even on some "new" media, these studies have either neglected the Internet and World Wide Web or were conducted prior to their recent popularity. This study offers a novel exploration of individuals' use of three Internet functions (information retrieval,...
Using Feenberg's (1995a, 1995b) concept of the technical code of technological artifacts, this essay examines the evolution and current status of the Internet/World Wide Web. The idea of technical code—the cultural and social values and choices that become manifest in a technology's physical and structural forms—helps to isolate and uncover issues...
People increasingly rely on Internet and web-based information despite evidence that it is potentially inaccurate and biased. Therefore, this study sought to assess people's perceptions of the credibility of various categories of Internet information compared to similar information provided by other media. The 1,041 respondents also were asked abou...
Recent advances in law enforcement recognise that, increasingly, more types of crime have migrated across localities and even nations. Law enforcement requires the combined efforts of disparate agencies that must cooperate across organisational and jurisdictional boundaries. Nowhere is this trend more evident than in efforts to combat illegal drug...
This article presents a public goods-based theory that describes the process of producing multifirm, alliance-based, interorga- nizational communication and information public goods. These goods offer participants in alliances collective benefits that are (a) rlorrescllrdable, in that they are available to all alliance part- ners whether or not the...
This paper extends theories of public goods to interactive communication systems. Two key public communication goods are identified. Connectivity provides point-to-point communication, and communality links members through commonly held information, such as that often found in databases. These extensions are important, we argue, because communicati...
For teachers no less than students, a key 21st-century skill is to accurately assess the credibility of online information yet, incredibly, there’s been little in the way of empirical research, until now. Andrew Flanagin and Miriam Metzger report.
Citations
... It is also possible that some users are more resilient to misinformation than others and disagree with the content. It has been shown that users show more falsehood awareness (Jiang and Wilson 2018;Jiang et al 2020) in their replies to falser misinformation. In this work, we do not differentiate the users who agree or disagree with the misinformation. ...
... Технології інтернет-сховищ все частіше стають засобом пам'яті в житті людей. Встановлено, що доступ до таких сховищ та активний пошук інформації в Інтернеті призводить до помилкових суджень про себе: люди переоцінюють виконання своїх завдань у майбутньому та легкість їх виконання оскільки перебільшують свої власні передбачувані здібності пам'яті та розуму (Flanagin & Lew, 2022). У той час як, інші дослідження демонструють наявні стратегії опору для захисту свого ставлення, і що цей ефект посилюється саме когнітивним вдосконаленням . ...
... Politics. The overarching negative effect of misinformation comes from the argument that without an accurately informed public, democracy cannot function (Kuklinski et al., 2000), although there is some discussion about whether this falls squarely back on the shoulders of news media. 1 Much of the evidence base is designed to show how beliefs in misinformed claims impact the evaluation of and support for particular policies (e.g., Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017;Benkler et al., 2018;Dan et al., 2021;Flynn et al., 2021;Fowler & Margolis, 2013;Garrett et al., 2013;Greifeneder et al., 2020;Levi, 2018;Lewandowsky & van der Linden, 2021;Marwick et al., 2022;Metzger et al., 2021;Monti et al., 2019;Shao et al., 2018;Waldman, 2018). However, there is as yet no consensus on how to precisely measure misinformation to determine its direct effects on democratic processes (e.g., election voting, public discourse on policies; Watts et al., 2021). ...
Reference: (Why) Is Misinformation a Problem?
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... Other effective approaches to reduce its spread include lowering the visibility of certain content ("down-ranking") or not showing that content to users ("shadow banning"), as well as adding warning labels to content that is potentially harmful or inaccurate [84,85]. Platforms should partner with policymakers and researchers in evaluating the impacts of such different interventions [86]. ...
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... These developments have produced a large and fruitful body of literature but have also created growing ambiguity as to the exact nature of presence as a theoretical construct and its role in interactive marketing. Failing to thoroughly review the literature may prevent a comprehensive understanding of the presence and limit the utility of the theory within the confines of interactive marketing (DeAndrea & Holbert, 2017;Flanagin, 2020). ...
... Students have been found to report that they are aware of information quality and credibility concerns (Flanagin & Metzger, 2010;Gray et al., 2005;Hargittai et al., 2010;Palfrey, 2016;Paul et al., 2017). Because most students spend a lot of time online, they may feel confident about their ability to identify good online information (Salmer on et al., 2018). ...
... Studies have suggested that posts created by experts are more credible than non-experts (Flanagin et al., 2020;Vydiswaran & Reddy, 2019). Other SOC users might perceive such posts as high-quality, thereby responding to them. ...
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... Dual processing model/3 phases: ability and motivation at exposure influence propensity and depth of evaluation; follow-up studies on relations and features Metzger, 2007;Winter et al., 2016;Flanagin et al., 2018;Krämer et al., 2018 Unifying model/ "construct" phase-subjective and context-dependent criterialization of credibility; heuristics and interaction Hilligoss and Rieh, 2008 MAIN model-modality, agency, interactivity, navigability/affordances of technology itself as cues for credibility Sundar, 2008 Information trust/3 "s" model (surface, source, semantics), influence by users' domain knowledge, topic knowledge, and information skills Schraagen, 2011, 2013 New Web Credibility model/juxtaposes P-I website dimensions (operator, content, design) with credibility attributions (expertise and trustworthiness); overview Choi, 2015 Content Credibility Corpus/corpus collection of websites and topics for credibility evaluation Kakol et al., 2017;Wierzbicki, 2018 Web credibility aspects (selection) appearance (Akamine et al., 2008); web 1.0 to 2.0 (Tanaka, 2009;Tanaka et al., 2010); web experience (Jozsa et al., 2012); conflicting topics (Salmerón et al., 2013), fear appeals (Dunbar et al., 2014), relations with trust in press (Go et al., 2016), message sidedness , source credibility in political communication (Flanagin and Metzger, 2014) Further key evaluation criteria of online information, see also web credibility studies text relevance (McCrudden et al., 2011); accessibility/comprehensibility (Snow, 2002;Coiro, 2003); usefulness (Goldman et al., 2013) (III) Reasoning with Evidence, Argumentation and Synthesis (REAS) ...
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... The questionnaire is well designed, requires ideas and effort and must be planned and developed in many steps: initial considerations, question content, phrasing and response format, question sequence and layout, a pre-test (pilot) and revision and final questionnaire (Roopa & Rani, 2012). Online social science research allows steps more efficient and increases data integrity for experiments and surveys, most of which share the same methods as the same way as offline (Hocevar & Flanagin, 2017). Therefore, the questionnaire was sent through online channels like Facebook, Line application and others. ...
... According to the principles of effective communication, people have to communicate with all possible means of communication and as effective as possible [19][23] [52]. With this being the case; HCI researchers' need to ensure that an online computer-based communication means which normally takes place via ICSs', helps to simplify key activities performed within and possibly outside various organizations. ...
