Andrew F.A. Hoadley's research while affiliated with Monash University (Australia) and other places
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Publications (74)
Water system closure in recycled containerboard mills may have reached a technical limit due to the accumulation of organic and inorganic contaminants in the process water. The specific water chemistry characteristics of recycled containerboard mills with restricted water systems were analyzed and a computer model was developed to simulate calcium...
Although bioethanol production is considered to be sustainable from a global warming perspective, its dependence on agricultural systems, land management, and geographical limitations have sparked concern. The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction...
This study explored the feasibility of integrating an adsorption and solvent scrubbing process for post-combustion CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant. This integrated process has two stages: the first is a vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process using activated carbon as the adsorbent, and the second stage is a solvent scrubber/stripper system...
A new kinetic model is proposed for catalytic reforming of acetol to synthesis gas over a Rh–Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Acetol is one of the most important bio-oil model compounds formed under reactive flash volatilization reaction conditions. The model was implemented in the Aspen Plus simulation package and used to predict the product gas composition a...
This tutorial and review of multi-objective optimization (MOO) gives a detailed explanation of the 5 steps to create, solve, and then select the optimum result. Unlike single-objective optimization, the fifth step of selection or ranking of solutions is often overlooked by the authors of papers dealing with MOO applications. It is necessary to unde...
Tar formation during biomass gasification has remained a major challenge. Using acetol and guaiacol as model tar compounds from cellulose and lignin, respectively, in-situ tar conversion into synthesis gas (H2 and CO) was studied using a Rh–Ni/Al2O3 catalyst under reactive flash volatilization conditions. The influence of operating conditions, incl...
A polyethyleneimine impregnated silica sorbent was evaluated for steam-assisted temperature vacuum swing desorption (TVSD) of CO2, adsorbed from 420 ppm CO2 in N2. Results indicate that essentially all the CO2 could be desorbed under mild vacuum levels (12 to 56 kPa abs) and temperatures (70 to 100 °C). Fastest average desorption rate (3.75 mmol/g/...
Capturing CO2 directly from air is one of the options for mitigating the effects global climate change, and therefore determining its cost is of great interest. A process model was proposed and validated using laboratory results for adsorption/desorption of CO2, with a branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) loaded mesocellular foam (MCF) silica sorbent....
Economies are constrained by a variety of economic, social, and political factors to attempt a reduction in environmental impacts such as global warming. While improvements in technology are commonly the expected general solution, lifestyle changes and modifications on consumption are also necessary to effectively reduce pollution. Such regulations...
Two polyethyleneimine impregnated mesocellular foam silica sorbents (PEI_80a and PEI_80b) were evaluated for capturing CO2 from 420 ppm CO2 in N2 under both dry and humid conditions. A fixed bed adsorption set-up was used to evaluate the CO2 uptake under isothermal conditions between 33 and 81 °C with a gas flow of 200 ml/min. Under dry conditions,...
Abstract: Electro-dewatering (EDW) is an alternative emerging and energy-efficient technology that provides improved liquid/solids separations in the dewatering of wastewater sludge. The EDW technology is not only an innovative dewatering method for significantly reducing the volume of wastewater sludge before re-utilization or disposal, but is als...
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Compared to conventional extractive techniques, bacterial assisted leaching, also called “biomining” is an eco-friendly technology that provides improved metal/solid separations. These separations are enhanced by the synergistic activities of astonishingly diverse groups of microorganisms, which lead to an extracti...
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a clean burning fossil fuel, which offers an energy density comparable to petrol and diesel fuels. LNG production has grown five-fold in the last 25 years. Although there are a few dominant processes for land-based liquefaction plants, there is much interest in the production of LNG off-shore, particularly “Floating L...
Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) is typically employed when a decision maker wants to analyse the trade-offs involved between multiple conflicting objectives. It has the advantage of yielding a set of Pareto-optimal or equally-good solutions in a single run. However, this approach is often criticized for being extremely time consumin...
More environmentally-benign processes are required for the production of important chemicals such as ammonia. Techno-enviro-economic studies that utilize process modeling and optimization play a decisive role in predicting the viability of these processes, but they tend to focus on a single geographical location. This limits the usefulness of the r...
Electrically assisted mechanical dewatering, known as electro-dewatering (EDW), is an alternative emerging technology for energy-efficient liquid/solids separation in the dewatering of wastewater sludge. In this study, the performance of the electro-dewatering (EDW) process for activated wastewater sludge was investigated. The influence of the oper...
A variety of novel processes are being proposed in order to face global challenges such as degradation of the environment and the efficient utilization of energy. Modeling and simulation tools play a crucial role in the understanding and enhancing of the execution, design and construction of these processes. Although different computational tools a...
Background
The inefficient use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser as a consequence of N losses from soil is a pressing issue in broad-acre agricultural systems. The research reported here tested the hypothesis that granulation of synthetic N fertiliser (urea) with a natural organic C resource (brown coal) would reduce fertiliser N loss from the soil system...
Ammonia production has traditionally been based on large scale plants. The thrust towards large scale production in order to gain economic advantages has overshadowed the benefits that could be derived out of small scale production plants. Additionally, the ammonia industry consumes a major chunk of global fossil fuels, which also burdens the plane...
Flexible operation is important for processing plants, where turning down or increasing production can be used to take advantage of changes in sales price and demand. Power plants equipped with carbon capture and storage (CCS) assisted can take advantage of this through flexible operation. This paper uses real electricity price data and multi-objec...
In the present work, a standalone RectisolTM unit for carbon capture has been optimised with a Multi-Objective Optimisation (MOO) perspective. The energy penalty and carbon dioxide capture rate have been simultaneously optimised to get the best operating conditions for various carbon dioxide capture rates. The RectisolTM process typically has high...
Flexible operation is important for processing plants, where turning down or increasing production can be used to take advantage of changes in sales price and demand. Power plants equipped with carbon capture and storage (CCS) assisted can take advantage of this through flexible operation. This paper uses real electricity price data and multi-objec...
Natural gas is an important fuel and feedstock for many sectors of the Australian economy and is vital in Australia's plan to become one of the world's largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporters. Recent work aims to analyse the consequences of a natural gas scarcity in Australia using a resource depletion indicator that measures the environmenta...
In practice, carbon capture processes in CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) consist of two main units: the carbon dioxide (CO2) capture plant and the CO2 compression unit. This study considered a hybrid capture system that combined both the capture and the compression units. In doing so, the conventional multi-stage CO2 compression unit was replaced...
The environmental, economic, and technical viability of high and low pressure gasification technologies for the production of ammonia from low rank coal was examined. Three cases were developed starting with different gasification technologies (UGI and BGL), leading to different flowsheets, mass and energy balances, and finally heat integration. En...
Dried sludge is preferred when the sludge is either to be incinerated or used as a soil amendment. This paper focuses on superheated steam drying which has many benefits, because the system is totally enclosed, thereby minimising odours and particulate emissions. This work reports on field trials at a wastewater treatment plant where anaerobically...
The Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) is among the major CO2 emitters in any petroleum refinery. In view of the simultaneous increase in the energy cost and environmental concerns, there is strong motivation to analyse alternative methods to improve the energy efficiency and consequently, to minimize CO2 emissions from conventional crude distillation....
Resource depletion is a key aspect of sustainability, because the consumption of finite resources impacts on their availability for future generations. There are many proposed methods for accounting for the depletion of a particular resource, amongst which include the proportion of the resource depleted, the rate of resource depletion, and the ener...
![Fig. 9.6 Magnetic field enhanced sludge dewatering [48, 152]. (a)...](profile/Akrama-Mahmoud/publication/262197903/figure/fig2/AS:385182008922113@1468845955195/Magnetic-field-enhanced-sludge-dewatering-48-152-a-Classical-mechanical-dewatering_Q320.jpg)
Dewatering of wastewater sludge is a difficult process. The difficulty has been attributed mainly to the fact that particles are very fine, colloidal in nature and possess a gel-like structure due to polymeric flocculation. In order to tackle the limitations in wastewater sludge dewatering, new technologies have been developed in recent years. Some...
Resource depletion is of concern to both present and future generations in terms of access to resources. It is a prominent impact category within life cycle assessment (LCA) and sustainability assessment. This paper examines existing resource depletion approaches and indicators in the context of natural gas depletion, and their limitations in model...
Petroleum refineries are major greenhouse gas emitters due to the considerable amount of energy used by some of their operations such as the crude distillation unit (CDU) and the fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. Therefore, energy savings and emission reduction have become very prominent issues in today's petroleum-refining industry. Ene...
Many optimization techniques, both numerical and graphical, have recently been introduced for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions targeting. These targeting approaches have been applied to a wide range of applications including energy allocation and utility systems optimization. However, the trade-off between the operating cost and the associated CO2 em...
With growing sustainable development and environmental protection concerns, it islogical that renewable fuels are becoming more important. Biodiesel is an alternative topetroleum based transport fuels and it has many advantages such as a low emissionprofile. Microalgae have gained interest as a source of biomass for biodiesel production,due to the...
Published data from Australian and international sources are used to compile inputs and outputs for the combined system of fuel extraction and processing and electricity generation, for the cases of conventional natural gas, coal seam gas, and black coal fuels. A new method is being developed to assess the consequences of resource scarcity using mi...
Hybrid ion exchange electrodialysis, also called electrodeionization (IXED), is a technology in which a conventional ion exchange (IX) is combined with electrodialysis (ED) to intensify mass transfer and to increase the limiting current density and therefore to carry out the treatment process more effectively. It allows the purification of metal-co...
Pulp and paper mill effluent derived from an acidic magnesium bisulphite process was chosen to model industrial biorefinery process water effluents that are potentially rejected into the environment. This effluent consisted of high colour, organics and phosphorus load. Some treatments that have been reported to deal with organics and colour removal...
Blending of different crude types is frequently used in petroleum refineries to improve their profitability and products yields. However, energy consumption and consequential CO2 emissions strongly depend on the types of crude being processed. The trade-off between CO2 emissions and economic objectives, such as net revenue, is investigated for case...
Microalgal biomass as feedstock for biofuel production is rapidly gaining appreciation in response to the increasing petroleum prices and the upsurge in global warming concerns. However, the process of creating concentrated biomass from microalgal cultures is limited by ineffective dewatering procedures. The economics of existing culture clarificat...
The difficulties in sludge dewatering are associated with the high organic content and colloidal materials in sludge solids. Chemical conditioning by flocculation improves sludge filterability by reducing the specific resistance to filtration. However, achieving final cake solids of a significantly higher solids concentration is hindered by the hig...
An alternative use of the abundant and inexpensive lignite (also known as brown coal) as an industrial adsorbent has been characterised. The adsorptive properties of two Victorian lignite without any pre-treatment were investigated using the cationic methylene blue dye as a model compound in aqueous solutions. Two commercial activated carbon produc...
Electric field-assisted dewatering, also called electro-dewatering (EDW), is a technology in which a conventional dewatering mechanism such a pressure dewatering is combined with electrokinetic effects to realize an improved liquid/solids separation, to increase the final dry solids content and to accelerate the dewatering process with low energy c...
Integrated gasification combined cycle power generation (IGCC) is one of the emerging clean coal technologies for reducing greenhouse emissions in coal-fired electricity generation. IGCC technology, both with and without CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is compared with conventional super-critical power generation based on pulverized coal. The compari...
The leaching behaviour of eight heavy metals from the dewatered products of sludge and lignite mixtures before and after application to the soil was investigated using batch tests. It was found that for most of the heavy metals the content in the mixtures fell within relevant EPA guidelines for biosolids application. Leaching tests showed that the...
Lignite, a low-rank coal, was investigated as a filter aid for the dewatering of digested sewage sludge at a pilot scale using a plate-and-frame filter press. When the lignite was used to condition the sludge at solids mass ratios of 0.5 to 1 and 1 to 1, the Net Sludge Yield (YN) was found to increase from 1.2 kg m−2 h−1 without lignite conditionin...
The production of biodiesel from fast growing and lipid containing marine microalgal species is sustainably and economically more promising than fresh water microalgae. However, like fresh water microalgae, the process is limited by numerous factors such as the generally dilute nature of microalgal cultures, and the small size of microalgae cells,...
This study investigates the technical feasibility of using existing steam reforming and hydrogen separation technologies to produce hydrogen from bioethanol on an industrial scale (100,000 Nm3/h of hydrogen). Two separate reaction schemes for producing hydrogen from bioethanol are compared. One scheme utilises both a prereformer and steam reformer,...
This paper has been written and prepared jointly by Dr. Akrama Mahmoud (UPPA-ENSGTI-LaTEP, France) and Professor Andrew Hoadley (Monash University, Australia). The principal author (Dr. Akrama Mahmoud) would like to thank all authors of the papers given in the reference list for obtaining a great deal of useful information on wastewater sludge dewa...
A process known as mechanical thermal expression (MTE) is used to dewater lignite to improve its heating value. A numerical model is developed to investigate the compression dewatering stage of the MTE process at ambient (20 °C) and elevated temperature (150 °C). This model includes details not previously investigated such as the wall friction, the...
Refrigeration is widely used in chemical and petrochemical industries and in the liquefaction of gases including natural gas (LNG). There are many commercial processes being used in the LNG industries. These processes are energy intensive and require large capital investment. Conventional refrigeration processes such as the single mixed refrigerant...
Relative to conventional air drying, superheated steam (SHS) drying provides a number of benefits such as increased efficiency, reduced risk of fire and explosion, sterilization, deodorization and faster drying rates. Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the by-product from beer brewing. It is a sticky material with a tendency to foul drying equipment. Th...
Physical conditioners, often known as skeleton builders, are commonly used for enhancing the rate and the extent of water removal of polyelectrolyte-flocculated sewage sludge. In this study, the interactions of two different cationic polyelectrolytes with lignite (a low rank coal) in conditioning of digested sewage sludge are investigated. Vacuum f...
Polyelectrolyte flocculation is a commonly used method for sewage sludge conditioning. The rate and extent of water removal from the flocculated sludge depends on the properties of the polyelectrolytes. This study investigates the flocculation performance of four different cationic polyelectrolytes using an in-situ laser probe which uses focused be...
The refrigeration and liquefaction units are key sections of an LNG processing plant and account for almost 40% of the total capital investment of the entire plant. In gasphase refrigeration processes the refrigerant always remains in the gas phase and this is the major difference and advantage over conventional refrigeration processes like the cas...
Mechanical dewatering is commonly used to increase the solids content of municipal sludge prior to its disposal. However, if the rate of filtration is slow, mechanical dewatering can be expensive. In this study, the use of lignite to improve the sludge dewatering is investigated. The effectiveness of lignite conditioning of polyelectrolyte-floccula...
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a clean burning fossil fuel which offers an energy density comparable to petrol and diesel fuels. There are many commercial processes available for the liquefaction of natural gas, for example single mixed refrigeration, and cascade refrigeration. Another alternative is gas-phase refrigeration processes. These process...
The characterisation of flow through porous media is important for all solid–liquid separation and fluid transport realms.
The permeability of porous media can be anisotropic and furthermore, the extent of anisotropy can be increased as a result
of an applied compressive force. However, the understanding of how anisotropy develops is incomplete. An...
Many chemical processes require refrigeration over a broad range of low temperatures. Gas-phase refrigeration systems can provide cooling down to cryogenic temperatures, using auto refrigeration to cool the refrigerant before it is expanded. The economics of these systems are dominated by the shaftwork supplied to the compressors and the capital co...
Mechanical thermal expression (MTE) is a dewatering technology ideally suited for the dewatering of internally porous biomaterials. For such materials, the combined application of temperature and compressive force in the MTE process enhances the collapse of the porous structure, resulting in effective water removal. In this article, a comparison of...
A multi-objective optimization study was conducted to optimize the gas phase refrigeration process. A 1000 kmole/hr natural gas stream at 5.5 MPa and ambient temperature consisting of 96.929 mole % methane, 2.938 mole % ethane, 0.059 mole % propane, 0.01 mole % n-butane, and 0.064 mole % nitrogen was liquefied using natural gas as a refrigerant, an...
Four processes for small-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) production are evaluated. These include a single-stage mixed refrigerant (SMR), a two-stage expander nitrogen refrigerant and two open-loop expander processes. Steady-state simulations were undertaken to ensure that each process was compared on an identical basis, was fully optimised and wa...
Dewatering by mechanical thermal expression (MTE) for a range of materials is explored using a laboratory-scale MTE compression-permeability cell. It is shown that MTE can be used to effectively dewater a range of biomaterials including lignite, biosolids, and bagasse. The underlying dewatering mechanisms relevant to MTE, namely (1) filtration of w...
A thermal and economic comparison of two- and three-column methanol distillation schemes for the purification of crude methanol is presented. The schemes investigated include the conventional two-column scheme involving a topping column and a refining column, two different enrichment cascade three-column schemes and a double-effect three-column sch...
Mechanical Thermal Expression (MTE) is a dewatering technology ideally suited for the dewatering of internally porous biomaterials. In the MTE process, the combined application of temperature and compressive force enhances the collapse of the porous structure, resulting in effective water removal. In this paper, a comparison of the dewatering of ti...
Many chemical processes require refrigeration over a broad range of low-temperatures. Gas phase refrigeration systems can provide cooling down to cryogenic temperatures, using autorefrigeration to cool the refrigerant before it is expanded. The economics of these systems are dominated by the shaftwork supplied to the compressors and the capital cos...
This study investigates improving the energy efficiency of two key refining processes: the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) and
the Residue Cracking Unit (RCU). The research methodology followed the ‘targeting before design’ approach. The CDU is a ‘tightly
pinched’ system, with limited opportunities for further energy savings. The RCU actual ΔTmin is...
Brown Coal power stations have a low thermal efficiency due to the high moisture content of the coal. If Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is required, there will be a significant energy penalty, which further reduces the energy efficiency and therefore, increases the amount of CO 2 which must be captured per unit of electricity produced. Using flue...
Australia is relatively well-endowed with natural gas, coal seam methane gas and coal. The versatility and advantages of methane make it a valuable resource for present and future generations. There is a strong advocacy to choose natural gas over other fossil fuels, causing an increased dependence and usage of natural gas. This raises the need for...
Dewatering of sewage sludge is an important part of proper sludge management practice. It is becoming a challenging issue for water industries as new regulations on sludge disposal are being imposed. In this paper, the application of mechanical thermal expression (MTE) to dewater sewage sludge and the conditioning of sludge by mixing with brown coa...
This paper focuses on the operation of a batch electrolytic cell for the electrocoagulation and separation of marine microalgae from the growth media. This is a promising technique for the separation of cellular and colloidal material from saline water. Metal ions are introduced into the solution by electrolysis using a sacrificial anode. This is a...
Citations
... The calcium ion concentration of 2,000 to 2,650 mg/L indicates calcium carbonate dissolution due to the presence of VFAs. Prior research studied the impact of water system closure in recycled containerboard mills on process water characteristics and calcium carbonate solubility in order to evaluate the suitability of water treatment technologies [16]. Commonly used technologies to treat the process water of recycled containerboard mills are biological treatment and membrane filtration. ...
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... A straightforward approach to close material cycles is the fixation of the released CO 2 . Taking into account external factors such as land usage, the electrocatalytic fixation of CO 2 for the synthesis of lowmolecular organic compounds such as ethanol could be a bio-economically viable option [6,7]. For a sustainable material cycle in production processes, ethanol has the advantage that it is less complex to handle than C 1 compounds such as methanol [8] and is easier to integrate as a carbon source in fermentation processes [9]. ...
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... While current NOx removal efficiencies are not significant, ongoing research and optimization is expected to improve efficiencies in the future. Up to 50 % improvement in NOx reduction efficiency compared to not applying staged oxygen supply (Hodžić et al., 2016) NOx Air staging, Fuel staging Multifuel combustion system -NOx emissions reduced by 37 % with fuel staging, 50 % with natural gas reburning, up to 67 % NOx reduction efficiency (Xiao et al., 2021) CO 2 , CO adsorption, absorption Coal-fired power plant -Adsorption can enrich flue gas CO 2 from 12 to 50 mol-% with >90 % recovery (Jang et al., 2022) CO • Wet scrubbing; this method is competitive with other postcombustion technologies for the simultaneous removal of SOx and NOx and can be used simultaneously to control acid gases and particulate matter. In this process, the flue gas and the solution are brought into contact by spraying the desired solution through a nozzle inside the scrubber, thereby reducing its pollutants. ...
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... Ahmed et al. looked at a new kinetic for the catalytic reforming of acetol to synthesize gas over an Rh-Ni/-Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Results showed that thermal breakdown and partial oxidation of acetol precede steam catalytic processes (Ahmed et al., 2020). In another study, Maneechakr and Karnjanakom prepared Cu, Ni, and/or Fe -doped carbon catalysts using traditional impregnation and pyrolysis methods to successfully pyrolyze/deoxygenate palm kernel cake and increase the bio-oil quality (Fig. 6). ...
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... Distillation, as the most widely applied separation technology [3], is considered in this article. As conventional distillation column normally consumes a large amount of energy [4][5][6][7], it is promising to find an alternative column configuration with lower energy consumption. ...
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... Moreover, primary tar compounds produced during flash pyrolysis become converted into permanent gases, such as H 2 , CO, CH 4 , and CO 2 , via thermal decomposition and partial oxidation in the freeboard zone of the reactor before catalytic reforming and shift reactions take place on the hot catalytic bed in the presence of steam. 53,54 Water−gas shift and steam−methane reforming reactions that take place before the product gas exits the catalytic bed help Energy & Fuels pubs.acs.org/EF Review further conversion of any C 2 gas reforming, thereby avoiding carbon formation and tuning the H 2 /CO ratio of the syngas produced. ...
... The desorption temperature has a significant impact on both the energy consumption of the DAC operation system and the lifespan of the adsorbents, especially for a temperature concentration swing adsorption system, which is commonly used in adsorbent development. [80][81][82] Minimizing the desorption temperature can reduce thermal energy consumption by utilizing inexpensive and/or renewable heat sources. In addition, our previous work has shown that keeping the regeneration temperature of TEPA-modified adsorbents under 90 • C would protect the amine from leaching or cracking and minimize the effect of oxygen on it, 83 which would extend the lifespan of adsorbents and reduce the cost of DAC. ...
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... Accordingly, we assume a sorbent consumption of 7.5 kg/t CO 2 for near-term future and 3 kg/t CO 2 for the longterm future (for both baseline and optimistic). The current cost of DAC sorbent ranges between 13 and 50 €/kg (Bos et al., 2020;Holmes et al., 2021;National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, 2019;Sinha and Realff, 2019;Wijesiri et al., 2019;Yu et al., 2017). On the other hand, multiplying DAC sorbents' raw material mass fractions (65%wt PEI and 35%wt silica) and raw material costs leads to only 1.2-2.6 €/kg (Leonzio et al., 2022;Wijesiri et al., 2019). ...
... At present, mechanical dewatering is generally used to reduce the moisture content of oily sludge solids under mechanical pressure. 10,11 However, the cost of oily sludge dewatering could be high when the filtration rate of the oily sludge cake is slow. Nowadays, it is still necessary to effectively improve oily sludge dewatering. ...
... Previous studies on carbon emission trading policies have explored the factors that influence carbon emission performance, such as technology development [5], total energy consumption [6] and energy consumption structure [7]. Studies on the impact of carbon emission trading policies mainly focused on two categories, which contains sectors and environmental governance. ...
