August 2024
History and Technology
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August 2024
History and Technology
July 2023
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30 Reads
A framework for knowledge ownership that challenges the mechanisms of inequality in modern society. Scholars of science, technology, medicine, and law have all tended to emphasize knowledge as the sum of human understanding, and its ownership as possession by law. Breaking with traditional discourse on knowledge property as something that concerns mainly words and intellectual history, or science and law, Dagmar Schäfer, Annapurna Mamidipudi, and Marius Buning propose technology as a central heuristic for studying the many implications of knowledge ownership. Toward this end, they focus on the notions of knowledge and ownership in courtrooms, workshops, policy, and research practices, while also shedding light on scholarship itself as a powerful tool for making explicit the politics inherent in knowledge practices and social order. The book presents case studies showing how diverse knowledge economies are created and how inequalities arise from them. Unlike scholars who have fragmented this discourse across the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and history, the editors highlight recent developments in the emerging field of the global history of knowledge—as science, as economy, and as culture. The case studies reveal how notions of knowing and owning emerge because they reciprocally produce and determine each other's limits and possibilities; that is, how we know inevitably affects how we can own what we know; and how we own always impacts how and what we are able to know. Contributors (Listed in Order of Appearance)Marjolijn Bol, Lissant Bolton, Cynthia Brokaw, Marius Buning, Myles W. Jackson, James Leach, Annapurna Mamidipudi, Viren Murthy, Vivek S. Oak, Jörn Oeder, Dagmar Schäfer, Amy E. Slaton
August 2022
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1 Read
History and Technology
June 2021
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9 Reads
History and Technology
January 2021
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14 Reads
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8 Citations
Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering
May 2020
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1 Read
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1 Citation
History and Technology
October 2019
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2 Reads
History and Technology
December 2018
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123 Reads
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75 Citations
Engineering Studies
For decades, American researchers have brought intellectual, financial and labor resources to understanding minority underrepresentation in engineering, including through studies of persistent racial and gender discrimination in higher engineering education. This paper considers prevailing standards for legitimate and significant research in this area and the persistent stigma associated with the study of small populations. The preference among many engineering education research producers and consumers for the ‘large-n’ brings with it presumptions about human differences including ideas of race, gender, disability and other categories by which subjects are customarily sorted for analytic purposes. This paper asks how such epistemic preferences enact power, showing how taxonomic inclinations may prevent incisive understanding of demographic privilege in U.S. higher technical education. We offer an illustrative contrast to such studies, describing a qualitative research project on underrepresented minorities in U.S. engineering schools, called ‘Learning from Small Numbers’. This project shows the analytic value of intersectional, Queer, and Disabilities Studies theories to interrogate inequity in engineering education. We argue that the reflexivity and indeterminacy supported by these theories illuminates the ruling relations of academic social sciences overall, while also reflecting on our own research preferences. There is no feature of an investigative project, including definitions of subject populations and choice of research methodology, that is not actively chosen by researchers, and it is the profound social consequences of these choices in equity-focused engineering education research that we want to consider.
October 2018
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2 Reads
History and Technology
June 2018
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5 Reads
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1 Citation
Through the middle decades of the twentieth century, prominent American statisticians established new channels to carry their experimental field around the nation and the globe. Two figures, Henry A. Wallace and Gertrude M. Cox, emerging from the land-grant Iowa State University, achieved particular influence. Their efforts, which included involvement with federal and international state affairs from the 1930s onward and on United Nations initiatives after the Second World War, embodied not only a rigorous empiricism directed at social problems but a service rationale associated with their white, (Mid)Western, Methodist identity; lines between private ethics and public conduct, between scientific study and intervention, dissolved. The statisticians paired generous impulses with an ambivalent approach towards equity, however, bringing robust ideas of innate human differences – gender, race, sexuality and ethnic distinctions in particular – to a wide range of post-colonial development efforts. In both their taxonomic understanding of individual identity (their own and others’) and their ideas of optimized statistical labor as clearly divided between routine data handling and advanced theoretical work, Wallace, Cox and their audiences embedded American particular ideas of human welfare in technical expertise. As US statistical methods shaped worldwide economic, agricultural, health and educational planning, a complex and constrained model of democracy sought and often found global footholds.
... Out of these insights we formed Audio for Inclusion, an NSF-funded project focused on translating student insights into accessible audio narratives as a resource for engineering faculty and faculty developers. We join other researchers engaged in methodological activism [7] who are using their research to promote change. We purposefully designed our research to empower individuals who are minoritized and present our findings in unique ways that are respectful of their lived experiences. ...
January 2021
Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering
... These student standpoints reflect a "common sense" mentality prevalent within engineering education that suggest a lot of work needs to be done to unpack the social structure of engineering education that privileges decontextualized problems over contextualized problems [36]. Simply introducing contextualized problems into a course might garner a lot of student resistance [18], [34], [35] and even a backlash. Nonetheless, on an optimistic note, we did uncover a diversity of positive ways that some students think about the need for context. ...
June 2012
... Race/ethnicity may further influence gender-based discrepancies in self-efficacy [72], [77]. The non-significance of self-efficacy for the BLI group demonstrates race/ethnicity-based differences in self-efficacy [74], [76], [78], [121], [122], [123]. The context-specific fluctuations in self-efficacy may particularly harm self-efficacy beliefs for Latino and African American men in the engineering classroom [75]. ...
June 2011
... Finally, some work has begun to consider how engineering was constructed in relation to ideas of bodily capacity and disability. Through processes of professional and disciplinary identity formation, ideas that linked intellectual ability, precision and accuracy, and the capacity for expert judgement with some bodies and not others became engrained in many engineering contexts (Slaton 2013). Despite these powerful and often invisible assumptions, disabled people have practised engineering since the profession began-for example, 18th century visually impaired road surveyor, John Metcalf, known as Blind Jack of Knaresborough (Smiles 1904), or 19th century lighthouse engineer Alan Stevenson who experienced chronic pain and intermittent paralysis while working for Scotland's Northern Lighthouse Board (Mair 1978). ...
June 2013
... Partnerships with potential users of research results BIC in Verdín [28] Increase public scientific literacy Increase public engagement with science and technology Broadening participation Develop a diverse STEM workforce Develop a globally competitive STEM workforce Increase economic competitiveness of the U.S. 1 Proposals "that discussed how the research could help to address a societal problem or industrial or policy need. Descriptions of how results could improve understanding of a natural process, such as climate change, that did not directly state how the results could be useful to fix a problem or inform policy, were not counted as potential societal benefits" [24, pp. ...
June 2011
... Thus, this study is intended to characterize the perspectives and experiences of these two students as they engaged in a novel engineering design course. The ''small-n'' of this study lends it the power to dive deeply and qualitatively into the precise experience of these students in this context [44]. While this counters quantitative understandings of what counts as a powered study, and certainly has implications for how the results are interpreted, we hold that these kinds of case studies are important for uncovering and characterizing potential mechanisms and processes that underlie the perspective shift we are interested in. ...
December 2018
Engineering Studies
... In the last 20 years, community members have created doctoral programs and departments focused on engineering education (e.g., Aning et al., 2005;Benson et al., 2010;Borrego & Bernhard, 2011;Christy et al., 2019;Diefes-Dux et al., 2006;Katehi et al., 2004), collaborated to develop a field-wide taxonomy of the research landscape (Finelli et al., 2015(Finelli et al., , 2016, designed networking and professional development opportunities for new members (e.g., Borrego & Streveler, 2014;Faber, Smith-Orr, et al., 2017;Pawley et al., 2014;Sattler et al., 2012), and sought out field-level understanding of critical research areas through research agenda development (e.g., Brunhaver et al., 2019;Henderson et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2017;Martin et al., 2017) and community working groups (e.g., Finelli & Froyd, 2019;Koretsky, 2019;Shuman & Besterfield-Sacre, 2019;Simmons & Lord, 2019). Each of these actions has contributed to the evolution of the field. ...
June 2017
... ABET "oozes zealotry, bewildering vocabulary, unexamined tenets, reliance on imperatives rather than indicatives, irrefutable claims, and support from administrators and politicians, not practitioners" (Woolston, 2008, p. 4). Accreditation seems not to be about education and learning but about power, with the goal of maintaining and expanding a particular cultural role and status in engineering (Slaton, 2012). Accreditation is big (financial) business that supports "corporate instrumentalism" and "corporatism in engineering," reducing the "professional independence of engineers" and the importance of public interest while increasing capitalist market expansion (Handford et al., 2019, p. 171). ...
April 2012
International Journal of Engineering Social Justice and Peace
... Engineering has a history of exclusion for women and people of color that began with policy and persists as culture [2]. Engineering educators have documented these issues with respect to engineering identity and sense of belonging, detailing important pathways toward inclusivity and equity [1,[3][4][5][6]. While there has been a needed emphasis on broadening participation in who becomes an engineer, there is less attention on the experiences and perspectives of students outside of engineering, which can unsettle boundaries around engineering knowledge. ...
January 2015
... A situative approach includes consideration of the ongoing cultural histories of people and organizations, including systems of power and oppression (Collins & Bilge, 2020;Slaton, 2010). For example, engineering has a cultural history of participation and status largely limited to White men, leading to structures, practices, and values that reflect those participants (Pawley, 2019;Riley et al., 2014;Secules, 2019;Slaton, 2010). As participation broadens, shifts in departmental culture are negotiated. ...
January 2015