Amy Bruckman's research while affiliated with Georgia Institute of Technology and other places

Publications (106)

Article
As video-sharing social-media platforms have increased in popularity, a 'creator economy' has emerged in which platform users make online content to share with wide audiences, often for profit. As the creator economy has risen in popularity, so have concerns of racism and discrimination on social media. Black content creators across multiple platfo...
Article
Immersive virtual reality (VR) has seen growth in usage over the last few years and that growth is expected to accelerate. Correspondingly, many VR-based online communities have begun to emerge, and several social VR applications such as AltspaceVR have gained significant popularity. However, virtual reality can be isolating. Users can meet and con...
Article
How do the reasons people post misinformation affect how they respond to fact checking interventions? In this research, we conducted a qualitative study of people who shared misinformation. We started with stories marked as false by a popular fact checker, Snopes, and identified people who posted those stories on Reddit. We interviewed the posters...
Article
In the last two decades, human trafficking (where individuals are forcibly exploited for the profits of another) has seen increased attention from the artificial intelligence (AI) community. Clear focus on the ethical risks of this research is critical given that those risks are disproportionately born by already vulnerable populations. To understa...
Article
Should social media platforms override a community’s self-policing when it repeatedly break rules? What actions can they consider? In light of this debate, platforms have begun experimenting with softer alternatives to outright bans. We examine one such intervention called quarantining, that impedes direct access to and promotion of controversial c...
Article
Full-text available
How do people come to believe conspiracy theories, and what role does the internet play in this process as a socio-technical system? We explore these questions by examining online participants in the "chemtrails" conspiracy, the idea that visible condensation trails behind airliners are deliberately sprayed for nefarious purposes. We apply Weick's...
Article
Deplatforming refers to the permanent ban of controversial public figures with large followings on social media sites. In recent years, platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have deplatformed many influencers to curb the spread of offensive speech. We present a case study of three high-profile influencers who were deplatformed on Twitter---A...
Preprint
Full-text available
Recent research has demonstrated how racial biases against users who write African American English exists in popular toxic language datasets. While previous work has focused on a single fairness criteria, we propose to use additional descriptive fairness metrics to better understand the source of these biases. We demonstrate that different benchma...
Preprint
Full-text available
r/wallstreetbets (WallStreetBets or WSB) is a subreddit devoted to irreverent memes and high-risk options trading. As of March 30, 2020, the subreddit boasts a usership of nearly 1.1 millions subscribers and self-describes as "if 4chan found a Bloomberg terminal." This paper will utilize Amy Jo Kim's community design principles along with social ps...
Preprint
Should social media platforms intervene when communities repeatedly break rules? What actions can they consider? In light of this hotly debated issue, platforms have begun experimenting with softer alternatives to outright bans. We examine one such intervention called quarantining, that impedes direct access to and promotion of controversial commun...
Article
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can support grassroots social movements toward greateroutreach and better day-to-day communication. In this paper, we present the results of action research with alarge-scale grassroots social movement, the Southern Movement Assembly (SMA), exploring their uses andperceptions of ICTs. We find that t...
Conference Paper
This workshop aims to advance our knowledge of how CSCW technologies can be better aligned with grassroots politics of collaboration. What politics are inherent in CSCW tools and techniques? How can we examine whether so- ciotechnical systems support collaboration in ways that lead to equitable solutions for all and not just a select few? What can...
Article
When posts are removed on a social media platform, users may or may not receive an explanation. What kinds of explanations are provided? Do those explanations matter? Using a sample of 32 million Reddit posts, we characterize the removal explanations that are provided to Redditors, and link them to measures of subsequent user behaviors---including...
Article
Thousands of users post on Reddit every day, but a fifth of all posts are removed. How do users react to these removals? We conducted a survey of 907 Reddit users, asking them to reflect on their post removal a few hours after it happened. Examining the qualitative and quantitative responses from this survey, we present users' perceptions of the pl...
Article
What one may say on the internet is increasingly controlled by a mix of automated programs, and decisions made by paid and volunteer human moderators. On the popular social media site Reddit, moderators heavily rely on a configurable, automated program called “Automoderator” (or “Automod”). How do moderators use Automod? What advantages and challen...
Article
Social movement organizing is becoming increasingly dependent on communication technologies. How can Computer-Supported Cooperative Work systems support grassroots organizations in facilitating collective action through democratic participation? In this article, we study Science for the People-Atlanta, a social movement organization dedicated to bu...
Conference Paper
In working to rescue victims of human trafficking, law enforcement officers face a host of challenges. Working in complex, layered organizational structures, they face challenges of collaboration and communication. Online information is central to every phase of a human-trafficking investigation. With terabytes of available data such as sex work ad...
Conference Paper
An ongoing challenge within the diverse HCI and social computing research communities is understanding research ethics in the face of evolving technology and methods. Building upon successful town hall meetings at CHI 2018, GROUP 2018 and CSCW 2018, this panel will be structured to facilitate audience discussion and to collect input about current c...
Article
Norms are central to how online communities are governed. Yet, norms are also emergent, arise from interaction, and can vary significantly between communities---making them challenging to study at scale. In this paper, we study community norms on Reddit in a large-scale, empirical manner. Via 2.8M comments removed by moderators of 100 top subreddit...
Conference Paper
An ongoing challenge within the diverse HCI and social computing research communities is understanding research ethics in the face of evolving technology and methods. Building upon successful town hall meetings at ACM conferences including CSCW, CHI, GROUP, and IDC, this panel will be structured to facilitate audience discussion and to collect inpu...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Since 2014, Venezuela has experienced severe economic crisis, including scarcity of basic necessities such as food and medicine. This has resulted in over-priced goods, scams, and other forms of economic abuse. We present an investigation of Venezuelans' efforts to form an alternative, Solidarity Economy (SE) through Facebook Groups. In these group...
Conference Paper
Harassment, hate speech, and other forms of abuse remain a persistent problem in online communities today. In order to discourage misbehavior in online spaces, we must first understand why everyday people participate in abusive behaviors online. This workshop aims to bring together a diverse range of researchers, practitioners, and activists for cr...
Conference Paper
An ongoing challenge within the HCI research community is the development of community norms for research ethics in the face of evolving technology and methods. Building upon a successful town hall meeting at CHI 2017, this panel will include members of the SIGCHI Research Ethics Committee, but will be structured to facilitate a roundtable discussi...
Article
Online harassment is a complex and growing problem. On Twitter, one mechanism people use to avoid harassment is the blocklist, a list of accounts that are preemptively blocked from interacting with a subscriber. In this article, we present a rich description of Twitter blocklists – why they are needed, how they work, and their strengths and weaknes...
Article
In this paper, we use mixed methods to study a controversial Internet site: The Kotaku in Action (KiA) subreddit. Members of KiA are part of GamerGate, a distributed social movement. We present an emic account of what takes place on KiA who are they, what are their goals and beliefs, and what rules do they follow. Members of GamerGate in general an...
Conference Paper
Large classes, both online and residential, typically demand many graders for evaluating students' written work. Some classes attempt to use autograding or peer grading, but these both present challenges to assigning grades at for-credit institutions, such as the difficulty of autograding to evaluate free-response answers and the lack of expert ove...
Chapter
Behind-the-scenes stories of how Internet research projects actually get done. The realm of the digital offers both new methods of research and new objects of study. Because the digital environment for scholarship is constantly evolving, researchers must sometimes improvise, change their plans, and adapt. These details are often left out of researc...
Conference Paper
If you could accomplish a complex, collaborative work task with one tool or many tools working together, which would you choose? In this paper, we present a case study of GISHWHES (the "Greatest International Scavenger Hunt the World Has Ever Seen"), an annual event in which teams spend one week completing complex, creative tasks. Building on the l...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
A key usability problem for websites is the complexity of their terms and conditions. Within the HCI community, attention to this issue to date has primarily focused on privacy policies. We begin to build on this work, extending it to copyright terms. With so many people posting everything from status updates to digital art online, intellectual pro...
Chapter
The expansion of human-computer interaction (HCI) to every aspect of human activity creates new challenges to the core ethical mandates of doing no harm, maintaining respect for people who participate in our studies, and weighing the costs and benefits of research, making sure that they are distributed fairly over the population. Online research ad...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
We report on a study of the English edition of Wikipedia in which we used a mixed methods approach to understand how nested organizational structures called WikiProjects support collaboration. We first conducted two rounds of interviews with a total of 20 Wikipedians to understand how WikiProjects function and what it's like to participate in them...
Article
Social computing systems have enabled new and "wildly successful forms of creative collaboration to take place. Two of the best-known examples are Wikipedia and the open-source software (OSS) movement. Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia, boasts millions of articles (over 3-6 million just in English) written by thousands of volunteers col labor...
Article
Full-text available
/ Designing environments that can bring novices and experts together is not trivial. We explore how we can design environments where these collaborations happen in such a way that everyone benefits. We explore these questions in the context of one such environment. In this study, we used the Game Ontology Project (GOP), a wiki-enabled hierarchy of...
Conference Paper
Attribution allows online reputations to be formed and motivates many contributions to online creative collaboration. Yet, we know little about attribution practices in online creative collaboration and the technologies that shape them. This paper describes a study of online collaborative animation projects, focused on the practices surrounding int...
Conference Paper
We present the design of an interactive computer game-based intervention, CopyCat, in which deaf children use sign language to direct the actions of a character in the game. We conducted a study to quantify the game's impact on expressive language development using twelve participants from a local school for the deaf. Learners in the experimental g...
Conference Paper
Online creative collaboration (peer production) has enabled the creation of Wikipedia and open source software (OSS), and is rapidly expanding to encompass new domains, such as video, music, and animation. But what are the underlying principles allowing online creative collaboration to succeed, and how well do they transfer from one domain to anoth...
Article
In this article we use the rhetorical notion of genre as an analytic lens for studying the use and impact of new media in schools. Genre pervades the scholastic life of students as they become adept practitioners of written performances. Our empirical studies investigate how creation and consumption of media are linked as high school students produ...
Conference Paper
Online creative collaboration projects are started every day, but many fail to produce new artifacts of value. In this poster, we address the question of why some of these projects succeed and others fail. Our quantitative analysis of 892 online collaborative animation projects, or "collabs," indicates that the early presence of organizational and...
Conference Paper
ProveIt is an extension to the Mozilla Firefox browser designed to support editors in citing sources in Wikipedia and other projects that use the MediaWiki platform.
Article
How does "self-governance" happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with 20 individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English-language Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Although Wikipedia is sometimes portrayed as lacking oversight, our ana...
Conference Paper
A growing number of corporations have created sites where customers talk to one another. What kind of interaction takes place on these sites? In this study, we interviewed eleven members of company online communities (COC). We found that while users initially come to such sites looking for product information, they often stay to socialize, and deve...
Conference Paper
Leadership plays a central role in the success of many forms of online creative collaboration, yet little is known about the challenges leaders must manage. In this paper, we report on a qualitative study of leadership in three online communities whose members collaborate over the Internet to create computer-animated movies called collabs. Our resu...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Learning research has argued the importance ,of providing ,authentic contexts for learning. However, traditional learning environments are often disconnected from external communities of practice. For example, students might design and carry out scientific experiments that are valuable pedagogically, but do not contribute to science itself. In this...
Conference Paper
In the mid 1990s, we began to ask some hopeful questions about the potential of the Internet to empower the individual: Can users become creators of content, rather than merely recipients? What can people learn through working on personally meaningful projects and sharing them online? If content creation is to some degree democratized, does this ha...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Researchers in the learning sciences have long recognized the potential of online spaces to support learning activities; however, the pervasiveness of social media construction typically associated with "Web 2.0" represents a new context for the research of learning and instruction. Wikis, for example, have popularized a social approach to construc...
Article
"How does 'self-governance' happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with eleven individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined pol...
Conference Paper
Writing a book from which others can learn is itself a powerful learning experience. Based on this proposition, we have launched Science Online, a wiki to support learning in high school science classrooms through the collaborative production of an online science resource. Our approach to designing educational uses of technology is based on an appr...
Article
Full-text available
In Vernor Vinge's 1981 science fiction classic True Names, a global multi-user virtual world underlies the functioning of government and business. Some control this world in a literal-minded filing cabinet sort of fashion, and others with more colorful metaphors. Either style of interaction is a form of end-user programming. The power of cyberspace...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Recent interest in synchronous collaborative learning environments prompts an examination of users' participation, social roles, and social interactions in these spaces. We analyze new users' participation rates on MOOSE Crossing, a collaborative educational environment that has been operating for over ten years. We examine how interactions with MO...
Article
How can we teach students to study online communities in an ethical fashion? This paper reviews experiences from five offerings of a graduate-level, Georgia Institute of Technology class "Computer Science 6470: Design of Online Communities" from 1998 through 2005. Our current approach includes one IRB protocol for the entire class, with a notation...
Article
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 1997. Includes bibliographical references (p. 225-231).
Conference Paper
Wherever groups of people gather, norms for appropriate behavior emerge, and some people chose to violate those norms. What is an exercise of free speech to one person, to another is disruptive, harassing, racist, or worse. For groups that communicate online, a range of technical and social mechanisms are available to help create a climate conduciv...
Conference Paper
Scholars have long argued about the nature of "community," and the growth of Internet-based communication and "online communities" has intensified this debate. This paper argues that a new perspective on the concept "community" can shed light on the subject. Ideas from cognitive science, particularly category theory, can help. I suggest that commun...
Chapter
How do we study the behavior of users in online communities? Researchers from a variety of disciplines have evolved a rich set of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to studying human-computer interaction (HCI) and computer-mediated communication (CMC), and these methods are useful in the study of online communities. Unique to the study of...
Conference Paper
Traditional activities change in surprising ways when computer-mediated communication becomes a component of the activity system. In this descriptive study, we leverage two perspectives on social activity to understand the experiences of individuals who became active collaborators in Wikipedia, a prolific, cooperatively-authored online encyclopedia...
Conference Paper
Internet technology holds significant potential to respond to business, educational, and social needs, but this same technology poses fundamentally new challenges for research ethics. To reason about ethical questions, researchers and ethics review boards typically rely on dichotomies like "public" versus "private," "published" vs. "unpublished," a...
Article
When people learn that we have spoken to individuals who spend up to 30 hours a week volunteering their time to research and write for an open-content encyclopedia, we often hear the same question: "Why do they do it?" The fact that this encyclopedia does not provide bylines to credit authors for their hard work makes the scenario still less fathom...
Article
In this article we present an empirical study aimed at better understanding the potential for harm when conducting research in chatrooms. For this study, we entered IRC chatrooms on the ICQ network and posted one of three messages to tell participants that we were recording them: a recording message, an opt-in message, or an opt-out message. In the...
Article
The Design Process The design of any piece of technology intended for human use—whether for entertainment, work, or education— is ideally iterative and user-centered. Designers can not anticipate all the needs of users, but most begin with a prototype and revise it based on user feedback. This is even more true of online learning communities, where...
Article
Full-text available
As the Internet has changed communication, commerce, and the distribution of information, so too it is changing psychological research. Psychologists can observe new or rare phenomena online and can do research on traditional psychological topics more efficiently, enabling them to expand the scale and scope of their research. Yet these opportunitie...
Article
In the mid-1990s, the Internet rapidly changedfrom a venue used by a small number ofscientists to a popular phenomena affecting allaspects of life in industrialized nations. Scholars from diverse disciplines have taken aninterest in trying to understand the Internetand Internet users. However, as a variety ofresearchers have noted, guidelines for e...
Article
Building Virtual Communities examines how learning and cognitive change are fostered by online communities. Contributors to this volume explore this question by drawing on their different theoretical backgrounds, methodologies, and personal experience with virtual communities. Each chapter discusses the different meanings of the terms community, le...
Article
The article focuses on the future of e-learning communities. Learning through reading involves more than a student and a book. The book is a technology that exists in a social context. Together, the book, the student, the teacher and other expert and novice readers the student encounters form a socio-technical system. If well designed, that system...
Article
Why do adults find it difficult to learn foreign languages? In the research literature, there are a number of hypotheses. Studies on the use of the Internet for learning, however, suggest that a hypothesis that has been largely ignored for the past two decades might have increased validity. The language ego permeability hypothesis argues that adult...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
In this study, we analyzed 3.4 Gb of log file data from the participation of 475 children in a CSCL environment over a period of five years. Using scripts to divide the children's commands typed into categories, we found that girls spend significantly more time than boys communicating with others in the CSCL environment. Analyzing the children's le...
Article
In this paper, we describe a study examining how communication patterns compare between a traditional foreign language learning classroom and a synchronous, text-based CMC environment. We present suggesting that conversation patterns change significantly when discussions move online. The slight time delay in composing replies and the development of...
Article
Researchers take a broad range of approaches in studying social cyberspaces, and each approach has its own theoretical underpinnings, goals, methods, advantages, and disadvantages. We intend to bring researchers from various backgrounds together, document the range of variation in this interdisciplinary area, and build connections among these pract...
Conference Paper
Video-based media spaces are designed to support casual interaction between intimate collaborators. Yet transmitting video is fraught with privacy concerns. Some researchers suggest that the video stream be filtered to mask out potentially sensitive ...
Article
Abstract While much attention has been paid to the content of support for learning, less attention has been given to its context. This paper introduces the notion of “situated support,” and argues that the identity of the source of support and the connectedness of that support to other elements of the learning environment are of primary importance....
Article
Full-text available
As communities online grow, the set of techniques to store, analyze and understand their histories has not necessarily kept pace. This workshop is primarily designed to discuss what techniques are useful and interesting, and to share methodologies, for examining online communities. We will examine technical issues of storage mechanisms, examine bot...
Article
MOOSE Crossing is a text-based virtual reality environment (or "MUD") designed to give children eight to thirteen years old a meaningful context for learning reading, writing, and computer programming. It is used from home, in after-school programs, and increasingly as an in-school activity. To date, it has been used in five classrooms. This paper...
Article
Online communities are rapidly becoming a part of how we work, play, and learn. But how are they designed? What is already known in this emerging field? What are the key questions for future research? Online communities are becoming increasingly pervasive in the personal and professional lives of people from all strata of society; however, our know...
Article
To date, popular enthusiasm for educational applications of computer networking has outpaced scholarly research on their educational value. This article reviews a variety of approaches to educational use of the internet, and divides them into four categories: information delivery, information retrieval, information sharing, and technological samba...
Article
Full-text available
In research about the Internet, too much attention is paid to its ability to provide access to information. This thesis argues that the Internet can be used not just as a conduit for information, but as a context for learning through community-supported collaborative construction. A "constructionist" approach to use of the Internet makes particular...
Article
MOOSE Crossing is a text-based virtual reality environment (or "MUD") designed to be a constructionist learning environment for children ages eight to thirteen. The constructionist phi- losophy of education argues that learning through designing and constructing personally meaningful projects is better than learning by being told. Children on MOOSE...
Article
In text-based virtual reality environments on the Internet called "MUDs," participants meet people from all over the world. They can not only explore the virtual world, but extend it, creating new objects and places. MUDs are Constructionist environments in which people build personally meaningful artifacts. But unlike many Constructionist environm...
Conference Paper
MOOSE Crossing is a text-based virtual reality environment (or "MUD") designed to give children eight to thirteen years old a meaningful context for learning reading, writing, and computer programming. It is used from home, in afterschool programs, and increasingly as an in-school activity. To date, it has been used in five classrooms. This paper c...
Article
Our children are fast becoming one of the largest new user groups taking advantage of emerging technologies. How our children learn, play, and communicate are quickly changing. This panel will not ask the question whether technology will be a part of our children's lives. The panel participants believe this is a given. Instead, the panelists, profe...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This workshop aims to bring together people engaged in the study of the relationships beytween organizational learning and CSCW to present and discuss their ideas and findings. Issues will include conceptual frameworks; the role of organizational learning ...
Article
MediaMOO is a text-based, networked, virtual reality environment designed to enhance professional community among media researchers. MediaMOO officially opened on 20 January 1993 and as of December 1994 has more than 1000 members from 29 countries. An application is required to join, and only those actively engaged in media research are admitted

Citations

... We received explicit permission in our interview consent process to do so, as well as permission to include images of the interviewee's processes and products. Our approach acknowledges prior advocacy in HCI to attribute creative accomplishments to their creators [14,16,97]. 3. The participants we interviewed along with their products and facilities. ...
... To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous recent article either investigates this domain from such a combined perspective, or treats all illicit goods trafficking activities at once. Existing papers tend to focus only on a specific type of illicit trafficking and its particularities [3] [4], do not always engage with modern digital trends employed by traffickers and deal with either exclusively technical [5] [6], exclusively criminological [7] or exclusively ethical/legal issues [8] [9]. ...
... Warning labels are a nudging-like strategy used on several online social media to provide platform-mediated information to users about posts (20)(21)(22), which, however, may trigger a higher level of engagement (22,23). Also quarantining, aimed at preventing direct access to and promotion of controversial communities, has been found to be essentially ineffective in terms of reduction of antisocial behaviors (24). Deplatforming, instead, is the attempt to limit the danger posed by an individual or a group by removing the platforms (e.g. ...
... Identity-unaware offensiveness classifiers To conduct the experiment on offensiveness levels after identity disclosure, we use finetuned classifiers trained on an external Twitter corpus (Barbieri et al., 2020). The black-box nature of these classifiers and datasets contain the risk of predicting text features of some identities as more offensive than others without sufficient understanding of contexts surrounding the identity, such as African-American English (Sap et al., 2019;Harris et al., 2022). In fact, our correlation results between the scores of the offensive classifier and identity-specific classifiers on a large corpus ( Figure 10 in the Appendix) may lead to conclusions such as identity-specific language from nonbinary genders being more likely to be offensive than men or women, or the identity-specific language of Mexicans being the most offensive compared to other ethnicities. ...
... Additionally, our research also examines people's bias toward the content generation paradigms (i.e., given the same piece of content, whether knowing its creator affects people's evaluation). Liu et al. (2022) examined a similar question and found that-when writing emails to console others-the recipients display aversion toward the senders who use AI to write the message. Nevertheless, their study did not involve any emails actually generated by AI, but deceptively revealed and varied the human-generated messages to be either human-generated or AI-mediated. ...
... Whatever the explanation, a growing number of projects have sought to further examine and to some extent address the observed differences between annotations from different populations and the different opinions/beliefs they hold [e.g., 1, 2, 23, 22, 31]. Halevy et al. [18], for example, investigate how the bias against African American English propagates from annotation into hate detection models. They show that incorporating a specialised African American English classifier into a detection model can reduce the effects of annotation bias. ...
... Existing studies have investigated the efficacy of deplatforming social-media users [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], yet there has been limited research -both quantitative and qualitative -into the effectiveness of industry disruptions against standalone hate communities such as bulletin-board forums, which tend to be more resilient as the content can be fully backed up and restored by the admins. This paper investigates how well the industry -the entities offering digital infrastructure for online services such as hosting and domain providers, security and protection services, certificate authorities, and ISP networks -dealt with a hate and harassment site. ...
... Nowadays, we can clearly find widespread misinformation containing the same plot. Although the HIV, chemtrails, cholera, or Covid-19 replaced the plague, we can easily spot repetitiveness between all these stories (Cohn 2012;Šrol, Ballová Mikušková, and Čavojová 2021;Bruns, Hurcombe, and Harrington 2021;XiaoSijia, CheshireCoye, and BruckmanAmy 2021;Miani, Hills, and Bangerter 2022;Fraulin, Lee, and Bartels 2022). ...
... As part of this deep change a blanket term for transformation/transition , grass-root organizations promote and engage consumers and small-scale producers in adopting non-conventional practices of producing and consuming food [112]. Grassroots movements open up spaces for participation, using bottom-up and decentralized approaches [37,99]. ...
... First, this paper calls for soliciting stakeholder input, particularly through working with annotators who are of the community the model aims to capture. But further consultation with groups such as regional user-advocacy groups can be important to garner a higher-level view and broader problem understanding to prevent potential issues and low performance for underserved groups (Martin Jr et al., 2020;Caliskan et al., 2017;Bruckman, 2020;Ovadya and Whittlestone, 2019;Abid et al., 2021). ...