Amal Bahariawan’s scientific contributions

A significant global issue faced by urban areas worldwide is the extensive conversion of agricultural land. In Indonesia, data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2021 indicates that the conversion of national rice fields ranges from 60,000 to 80,000 hectares annually. This trend poses a serious threat to the availability of rice and other food sources. Therefore, urban agriculture represents a practical solution for ensuring food availability in a sustainable and independent manner. One applicable technology is the Vertical Hydroponic Farming System. The objectives of this initiative are: (a) to equip teachers with technical skills so they can serve as trainers for their students, and (b) to provide technical support to SMPN 7 Jember, an environmentally friendly school, in its pursuit of achieving Adiwiyata School status at the East Java provincial level by 2024. The methods employed include: (a) delivering theoretical foundations of hydroponic farming systems through traditional lectures, (b) hands-on practice involving the construction of hydroponic installations, seeding and transplanting techniques, maintenance, harvesting, and post-harvest handling, and (c) implementing hydroponic installations and cultivation at SMPN 7 by actively engaging both teachers and students. In conclusion: (a) there was a 110% increase in teachers' knowledge and skills related to hydroponic farming, with evaluation results of the technical guidance averaging 4.9 (very good), and (b) the implementation of hydroponic installations and cultivation at SMPN 7 Jember progressed smoothly, supporting the school in its goal of achieving Adiwiyata School status at the provincial level.

The Marungga tree is a plant that offers numerous benefits. Its leaves can be processed into flour for further processing for various needs. Marungga leaves need to be dried before they can be made into flour. Marungga leaves are sensitive to heat, so high temperature drying should be avoided. Drying in the sun, or at room temperature takes a long time and is unhygienic. To address these issues, a fluidized bed dryer that utilises dry, cold air flow through dehumidification of the air is required. This research aims to design and test the performance of a fluidized bed dryer that uses dry cold air flow. The method used in the research starts from literature study, design, component manufacturing, assembly and performance testing of the dryer. The design results resulted in specifications of the dryer components as follows: dimensions of the drying chamber 500 mm in diameter and 800 mm in height, evaporator, condenser, compressor, blower each 1 HP. The results of the dryer performance test are as follows: dryer air temperature 34.2 °C, relative humidity 54.3%, and dryer air mass rate 0.25 kg/s, with a drying rate of 0.57 kgH2O/s. The evaporator of the cooling system can decrease the absolute humidity of the drying air by 1.6 kgH2O/kg dry air.

The kailan plant (Brassica oleraceae) has high commercial potential due to its high nutritional content, delicious taste, and high market interest. Kailan could be cultivated through hydroponic planting by utilizing limited land. The DFT hydroponic system is an option due to faster and constant growth, shorter harvest period, and easy maintenance. If the power goes out, the plants can still survive. One of the weaknesses is the limited oxygen availability due to poor circulation. This study aimed to determine the effect of using a microbubble generator to enrich oxygen on nutritional conditions and the growth response of kailan plants compared to plant growth without a microbubble generator. The applied method in this study was to compare nutritional content and plant growth responses between using a microbubble generator and without utilizing a microbubble generator. The results showed that using the microbubble generator affected nutrients' concentration, temperature, and pH and positively impacted plant growth responses: number of leaves, root condition and plant weight at harvest period.

Along with the dynamics of population growth and economic growth targets, especially in urban areas, the availability of land for agricultural cultivation is increasingly difficult and increasingly narrow. This means that the agricultural sector is increasingly marginalized due to pressure and the development of other sectors that have led to the massive conversion of agricultural land functions. The purpose of this community service activity is to produce educators (trainers) at the basic education level about the introduction of hydroponic cultivation. The implementation methodology: (1) as the target audience, namely SDIT Harapan Jember teachers, (2) the approach methods used are: (a) classically in delivering the material and (b) field practice, namely participants directly carrying out hydroponic cultivation practices starting from determining the equipment. and materials, seedlings, planting, to proper and correct harvesting methods, (3) Tools and materials used: hydroponic cultivation manuals, production facilities, and hydroponic cultivation installations. The results of the activity show that: (a) the number of participants is 10 teachers, (b) material presented: prospects and opportunities for hydroponic cultivation, hydroponic cultivation techniques, and harvesting and postharvest, (c) the results of the evaluation of the implementation of the activity show an average score of 4.32, namely the Good category, (d) the level of mastery of theory and practice, the average score of the actual post-test score is 6.7 (good enough category).

Rice is the staple food of the majority of the Indonesian population. Rice is processed from paddy rice through several stages, starting from harvesting, threshing, cleaning, drying, stripping the rice husk, polishing, and packaging. Processing rice mechanically increases production and reduces yield losses. Husker is one of the machines used to remove the chaff (the outer husks) of grains of rice. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a double pass rice husker machine with 1000-1200 kg per hour in Sonorejo Village, Padangan District, Bojonegoro Regency. Husker has been operated for five years, whether the engine's performance is still according to SNI standards or has decreased according to its economic life. Parameters observed in this study include grain weight, feeding time, weight and time of stripping, quality of brown rice, and fuel consumption. The data obtained were analyzed to obtain the value of feeding capacity, stripping capacity, efficiency, rate of fuel consumption, and the quality of the brown rice, then analyzed descriptively. The results of the performance evaluation showed the value of feeding capacity 996.4 ±1.5 kg/hour, stripping capacity 768 ± 20.1 kg/hour, efficiency 76.1±1.5 %, yield 83.3±0.65 and fuel consumption rate 2.07±0.05 l/hour. The percentage of brown rice is 74.7±1.26, correspondingly with the SNI requirements of at least 70%. The evaluation results of the observed huskers showed that the husker is still feasible to operate.

The quantity and quality of tea products were determined by the activity of harvesting tea leaves. The performance of the picking process was influenced by the characteristics of the tea garden land. PT. Candi Loka has hilly tea gardens with slope variations up to 60o. The purpose of this research is to observe the performance of the tea picking machine TS120L on garden land with a slope of 40-60o. Parameters observed in this activity include data on total picking time, plucking speed, plucking machine width, picking area, weight of plucked tea and fuel usage. The obtained data were analyzed to obtain the value of field capacity, efficiency of plucking performance, fuel consumption and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the average value of theoretical field capacity ha/hour, average actual field capacity 0,14 ha/hour, average efficiency 73,68 %, average actual material capacity 1347 kg/ha and average fuel consumption 1,3 liter/hour. In general, the hilly land with a slope of 40- 60o decrease the performance of the tea picking machine TS120L

Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian adalah untuk membantu petani jamur tiram terutama pada proses sterilasasi baglog. Selama ini sterilisasi baglog masih menggunakan drum bekas oli, sehingga dalam kenyataan di lapang banyak ditemui kelemahan-kelemahannya seperti: kapasitasnya terbatas hanya 75 baglog sekali proses, panas banyak yang hilang terbuang sehingga suhu sterilisasi tidak maksimal, memerlukan waktu cukup lama sekitar 8 jam, dan kebutuhan bahan bakar LPG lebih banyak. Produk baglog yang dihasilkan cukup unik yaitu baglog tanpa ring, dengan kelebihan tahan terhadap bahaya busuk. Target kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah terciptanya satu unit alat sterilisasi baglog hemat energi dengan kapasitas 450 baglog sekali proses. Metode yang dilakukan untuk sterilisasi menerapkan sterilisasi terpisah artinya baglog tidak langsung berada diatas air mendidih, tetapi terpisah antara sumber uap air (steamer) dengan tempat baglog jamur. Steamer yang digunakan menerapkan sistim pipa api, dengan kelebihan panas terserap secara maksimal sehingga panas yang terbuang ke lingkungan sangat kecil. Kebutuhan bahan bakar gas LPG dalam proses sterilisasi baglog jamur tiram selama 8 jam sebesar 10,43 kg dengan 450 baglog yang disterilkan.

The ohmic technology was applied for the carrageenan extraction process from seaweed (Eucheuma cattoni). The principle of ohmic technology is based on passing an electric current through seaweed and triggering its internal energy. The objectives of this study were to compare two different extraction methods using the ohmic and conventional heaters in terms of the quality of carrageen flour. This study were conducted by two different heating sources during the seaweed extraction process, i.e., ohmic heating and conventional heating from a gas stove. Each method was repeated three times. The extracted filtrates were dried, milled, and sieved using an 80-mesh sieve, then the quality of carrageenan flour was measured. Quality of extracted carrageenan flour using the ohmic and conventional heating methods are: 1) the extraction yield of 45%; 42%, 2) moisture content 10%; 18%, 3) white degree 77.63%; 74.27%, 4) viscosity 6.02 cp; 4.57 cp and 5) gel strength 174 gr / cm2: 159 gr / cm2. The result of statistical analysis between two methods with α 5% showed no significant difference in yield parameters however significantly different for water content, white degree, viscosity, and gel strength. The quality of extracted carrageenan flour of the ohmic heating method was better compared to the conventional heater.

Rotary Vacuum Dryer Type Batch (RVDTB) is designed to reduce the moisture content of oyster mushrooms from ± 92% to ± 10%, at 60 °C with vacuum pressure 76 cm Hg and 8 hours drying time by capacity of 2 kg/process. Grinded dry oyster mushrooms produce flour used as a raw material due to its flexibility. This is in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), therefore, there is a need to increase the dimensions (scale-up) of RVDTB capacity. The study aims to scale up and to test the RVDTB performance by increasing the drying capacity and suction power of the water jet pump. The methodology was used to redesign the RVDTB scale up, manufacture component, assemble, and test performance. The redesigning results shows on 36 cm diamater of cylindrical drying chamber with a length of 50 cm, and 2 HP suction pump power with the flight sets horizontally on 30°. The performance test results before and after the RVDTB scale-up were a) capacity of 2 kg and 3 kg, b) drying rate of 0.227 kg/hour, and 0.250 kg/hour, c) efficiency of 6.74 % and 7.42 %.

The extraction of eucalyptus essential oil has been widely carried out with a variety of fairly modern tools and machines, but most of them still use conventional heating methods. The water distillation method for extracting eucalyptus leaves essential oil has been tried using a microwave but is still constrained by the limited penetration of microwaves in the material. To overcome the drawbacks of the extraction method, it is necessary to design a method of extracting eucalyptus leaves essential oil by using ohmic heated hydro distillation with this method, heat will be generated from the material so that it can reduce energy use during the extraction process. This study aims to design and test the performance of ohmic heated hydro distillation for the extraction of eucalyptus leaves essential oil. The method used in this research starts from functional and structural design, component manufacturing, assembly and performance testing of ohmic heated hydro distillation. The design results obtained the dimensions of ohmic heated hydro distillation from the central 304 stainless steel electrode with a length of 50 cm and a diameter of 1 cm. The electrically isolated outermost cylinder functions as a negative electrode with a diameter of 34 cm and a height of 55 cm. The electrodes are connected to a PLN power source with 5 kVA power. The distillation unit is then connected to the condenser of stainless steel 304. The test results obtained a distillation rate of 0.0007 kg per hour with a yield of 0.28%