Alvin K. Klevorick’s research while affiliated with Yale University and other places

... Por ej., Englash et al. (2004) distinguen tres formas de apropiación: reinterpretación, adaptación y reinvención. Esta idea de apropiación puede estar limitada a las actividades de las firmas, o incluir otras actividades sociales (culturales, educativas, etc.), enfocarse en algún tipo específico de tecnologías (por caso, las digitales) o no, etc. En cambio, desde la economía de la innovación, con el significante "apropiación" se alude a un conjunto de mecanismos y habilidades que operan a nivel microeconómico para transformar el conocimiento en cuasi rentas (Arundel, 2001;Cohen, Nelson y Walsh, 2000;González y Nieto, 2007;Levin et al., 1987). Esta última acepción incluye a la titularidad, pero como una posibilidad puntual dentro de las formas de apropiación, y no como su acepción general. ...

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Cuando el conocimiento no llega a ser desarrollo: apropiación cognitiva y limitaciones a la transferencia tecnológica en la Argentina

... On the other hand, public disclosure does not always ensure ultimate diffusion of an invention on competitive terms" (LEVIN et al., 1987, p. 783-784). Levin et al. (1987) describe the outcomes of an inquiry into appropriability conditions in more than one hundred manufacturing industries, by emphasizing differences between process and product innovations. Similarly to others contributions by NW, the focus was on the asymmetries. ...

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Evolutionary economics matters: an overview of the extraordinary contributions of Nelson & Winter

... Second, patent protection plays an outsized, almost unique role in the pharmaceutical industry. A dated but in ‡uential survey by Levin et al. (1987) of 650 corporate R&D managers found that patents were perceived to be a highly e¤ective 9 Modeling patent protection as a binary decision variable is without loss of generality. The key insights yielded by our analysis carry over when patent protection is continuous, e.g. when countries can choose the degree of imitation ( i ) facing …rms. ...

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Tariff barriers and the protection of intellectual property in the global economy

... Following Levin et al. (1984Levin et al. ( , 1987, appropriability (Appro) is defined as the extent to which the innovative outcomes can be appropriated by the innovators themselves, while technological opportunity denotes the availability of useful information for innovation. The variable for appropriability is calculated based on the survey's scores regarding the effectiveness of nine methods of appropriation (e.g., patents to prevent duplication or to secure royalties, secrecy, lead time). ...

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Does patenting always help new firm survival? Understanding heterogeneity among exit routes

... The DOIL survey employs a representative sample of the population of firms in the U.S. manufacturing sector, with 5175 respondents at the business unit level. Unlike several other innovation surveys (e.g., Cohen et al., 2000;Levin et al., 1987), the DOIL survey is not restricted to R&D performers. It includes innovators, imitators, and firms that do not innovate by asking whether the firms had introduced a new product that is new to the market or new to the firm and requests further information about their key innovations (Arora et al., 2016b). ...

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Trademarks, specialized complementary assets, and the external sourcing of innovation

... Finally, we included an exogenous variable: the sector's technology intensity. Technological advancement varies across manufacturing sectors, affecting the adoption of new scientific and technological knowledge (Klevorick et al., 1995;Martínez-Senra et al., 2013). Notes: a On a 4-point Likert scale (0: no use; 1: low potential use; 2: medium potential use; 3: high potential use) Source: Authors' own work IJLSS Firms in highly dynamic technological sectors are better positioned to improve environmental management (Moyano-Fuentes et al., 2018). ...

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Do green practices and technologies mediate lean manufacturing’s impact on industrial performance? Evidence from the European manufacturing survey

... Universities are considered as "creators, interpreters of ideas and innovation, source of human capital, and key components of social infrastructure and social capital " [47] . Universities also play critical role in creating and transforming industries through industry transplantation, diversification of old industry into related new, and upgrading of mature industries [48] . Universities in the modern world are actively changing their policy towards commercialization of their research outputs in the form of licensing, patents, and spinoffs. ...

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The need to localize energy technologies for Africa's post COVID-19 recovery and growth

... Second, patent protection plays an outsized, almost unique role in pharmaceutical markets. An influential survey by Levin et al. (1987) of 650 corporate R&D managers found that they considered patents to be an especially effective means for encouraging innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. 10 A major reason patent protection is crucial for the pharmaceutical industry is that while large R&D investments are required for successful drug discovery, the costs of imitating novel drugs are often trivially small in comparison. ...

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Compulsory licensing under the multilateral trading system