Aloen L. Townsend's research while affiliated with Case Western Reserve University and other places

... Among women returning to work following a maternity leave, self-efficacy has been identified as a mediating factor in the relationship between childcare responsibilities and well-being (Ozer, 1995). Martire et al. (1998) found that self-efficacy as a sense of mastery, in the roles of wife, mother, and worker, mediated the effects of social support on employed parents' well-being. ...

... Nonetheless, studies designed to examine the outcomes and effectiveness of ADPs remained scarce and lacked rigour ( Lee and Cameron 2004;Edelman et al., 2004;Jeon et al., 2005). These studies also have mixed results due to differences in case mix, program emphases, inadequate sample size, low usage of services and the lack of control groups ( Gaugler and Zarit, 2001;Ross-Kerr et al., 2003;Zarit et al., 2003). Most of the evaluations also focused on caregivers, rather than on the clients ( Bartfay and Bartfay, 2013;Miyamoto et al., 2002;Zank and Schacke 2002;McCann et al., 2005;Marvall and Thorslund, 2007). ...

... Family caregiving for individuals with dementia has a serious emotional, physical, and financial toll [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Most individuals with dementia live at home and are cared for by their relatives [9]. ...

... Better understanding the relationship between care partner and patient ratings is a critical first step to determine whether care partner ratings are valid proxies for ratings made by patients with neurodegenerative diseases and for what subtype of patient (e.g., speech, language, or motor challenges) that might be most appropriate. There is growing evidence about the complex relationship between patient and care partner perception of impairment in the broader dementia (Huang et al., 2009;Moon et al., 2016;Reamy et al., 2011) and stroke-related aphasia literature (Hernandez et al., 2021). There is mixed evidence, but discrepancies frequently exist between care partner and patient judgments about day-to-day limitations. ...

... Role-related stress and reward were calculated from a self-administered, adapted version of the Multiple Role Questionnaire (MRQ) by Stephens et al. 17 This version of the scale was modified to accommodate 4 social roles: employee, mother or stepmother, wife or partner, and caregiver to an older or disabled adult relative. For each social role, a woman was asked if she occupied that role, and if she occupied that role, she was then asked to rate how stressful she perceived that role using a Likert scale from 1 to 5, with 1 representing "not at all" and 5 representing "extremely." ...

... While two of them found that the only significant path was from initial depression to later declines in marital quality (Pruchno, Wilson-Genderson, & Cartwright, 2009;Ulrich-Jakubowski, Russell, & O'Hara, 1988), the third found that both directions were significant, suggesting a bidirectional association (Whisman & Uebelacker, 2009). Finally, the fourth longitudinal study found that marital lower marital quality predicted depressed mood (Miller, Townsend, & Ishler, 2004). The authors did not test the inverse path. ...

... A feeling of detachment builds as emotional bonds wear down. [16] Wearing down of emotional bonds, higher perceived caregiver burden, reduced relational contentment, upsetting caregiving experiences, [7,22] reduced time for oneself and leisure activities, feelings of isolation due to caretaking, [50] greater stress, and fewer social resources, [10] all contribute to increased feelings of depression in the relationship. Women, in general, face more stress than males. ...

... One reason is that many of these interventions have not presented delay of placement as a goal, and so it may be that at least some caregivers in those studies did not share that goal. Bolstering this point, there is evidence that some caregivers use services as a way of transitioning care from home to institution (Zarit et al. 1999). ...

... For approximately 87% of the sample, religiousness declined over time. This leaves a small subset of the sample (about 6%) for whom religiousness increased (Krentzman, Farkas, & Townsend, 2009). This, combined with the relatively small number of African American participants in the sample, may account for the lack of differences by race for religiousness. ...

... Higher scores indicate high levels of strain. The scale has exhibited high reliability and construct validity with patient physical function and spouse depression [66][67][68]. ...