Alexander K. C. Leung’s research while affiliated with The University of Calgary and other places


Ad

What is this page?


This page lists works of an author who doesn't have a ResearchGate profile or hasn't added the works to their profile yet. It is automatically generated from public (personal) data to further our legitimate goal of comprehensive and accurate scientific recordkeeping. If you are this author and want this page removed, please let us know.

Publications (925)


"Non-COVID-19" Coronavirus Diseases Not to be Misdiagnosed as COVID-19
  • Article

May 2024

·

6 Reads

Current Pediatric Reviews

Kam Lun Hon

·

Alexander K C Leung

·

Paul K S Chan

·

[...]

·

Kin Tak Wong

Background The COVID-19 global pandemic was caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which then became an endemic infection. COVID refers to the World Health Organization’s coined acronym for coronavirus disease. Case Presentation We have, herein, reported three cases of coronavirus diseases that could have been misdiagnosed as COVID-19. All of these families reported previous COVID-19 infection based on self-administered Rapid Antigen Testing (RAT) and completed a period of home isolation. In the current presentation, one child had an RSV-associated asthma attack, one had norovirus gastritis, and another had an infection with Campylobacter and E. coli. NL63, OC43, and 229E, respectively, were found by PCR in these patients. Discussion Seven human coronaviruses cause infectious diseases, including in children. Confusion and issues associated with coronavirus disease diagnosis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing and Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) may arise. Some RATs are Antigen Fluorescent Immunoassays (FIA) that target monoclonal antibodies for the detection of viral nucleocapsid protein. Others target the non-nucleocapsid proteins. False positivity is possible. False negativity is also possible if the specimen’s antigen level is below the test's detection limit. RAT results usually remain positive for 6 to 7 days, but they may stay positive as long as 2 weeks. Stigmatization with the COVID-19 diagnosis may occur. The PCR test is a highly sensitive ‘gold standard’ for the detection of COVID-19, but it can also detect non-infectious individuals’ fragmented non-infectious viral nucleic acids, and could be positive for a long period. An individual may be tested positive for a few weeks to months after the individual becomes non-infectious. Conclusion The cases presented here had coronavirus diseases other than COVID-19. Coronavirus diseases can be caused by coronavirus variants other than SARS-CoV-2. Co-infections with other pathogens are present in these diseases. PCR testing of non-COVID-19 diseases may help in the accurate diagnosis of these ailments and respiratory co-infections.



An update on the current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of human ascariasis

February 2024

·

54 Reads

·

1 Citation

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Introduction: Globally, Ascaris lumbricoides is the commonest helminthic infection that affects people in underdeveloped countries and returning immigrants in industrialized nations. This article aims to provide latest updates on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pharmacotherapy of ascariasis. Areas covered: A PubMed search was conducted using Clinical Queries and the key terms 'human ascariasis' OR 'Ascaris lumbricoides.' Ascaris lumbricoides is highly endemic in tropical and subtropic regions and among returning immigrants in industrialized nations. Predisposing factors include poor sanitation and poverty. The prevalence is greatest in young children. Most infected patients are asymptomatic. Patients with A. lumbricoides infection should be treated with anti-helminthic drugs to prevent complications from migration of the worm. Mebendazole and albendazole are indicated for children and nonpregnant women. Pregnant individuals should be treated with pyrantel pamoate. Expert opinion: Cure rates with anthelmintic treatment are high. No emerging pharmacotherapy can replace these existing drugs of good efficacy, safety profile and low cost for public health. It is opinioned that advances in the management of ascariasis include diagnostic accuracy at affordable costs, Emodepside is highly effective in single doses against ascarids in mammals and in human trials. The drug could be registered for human use in multiple neglected tropical diseases.


Insights from Overviewing Selective International Guidelines for Pediatric Asthma

January 2024

·

10 Reads

Current Pediatric Reviews

Background Asthma is a chronic atopic and inflammatory bronchial disease characterized by recurring symptoms and, episodic reversible bronchial obstruction and easily triggered bronchospasms. Asthma often begins in childhood. International guidelines are widely accepted and implemented; however, there are similarities and differences in the management approaches. There is no national guideline in many cities in Asia. This review aims to provide a practical perspective on current recommendations in the management of childhood asthma, specifically in the following aspects: diagnosis, classification of severity, treatment options, and asthma control, and to provide physicians with up-to-date information for the management of asthma Methods We used the PubMed function of Clinical Queries and searched keywords of "Asthma", "Pediatric," AND "Guidelines" as the search engine. "Clinical Prediction Guides", "Etiology", "Diagnosis", "Therapy," "Prognosis," and "Narrow" scope were used as filters. The search was conducted in November 2022. The information retrieved from this search was used in compiling the present article. Results Diagnosis is clinically based on symptom pattern, response to therapy with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and spirometric pulmonary function testing (PFT). Asthma is classified in accordance with symptom frequency, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), atopic versus nonatopic etiology, where atopy means a predisposition toward a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Asthma is also classified as intermittent or persistent (mild to severe). Unfortunately, there is no disease cure for asthma. However, symptoms can be prevented by trigger avoidance and suppressed with inhaled corticosteroids. Antileukotriene agents or long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) may be used together with inhaled corticosteroids if symptoms of asthma are not controlled. Rapidly worsening symptoms are usually treated with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA, e.g., salbutamol) and oral corticosteroids. Intravenous corticosteroids and hospitalization are required in severe cases of asthma attacks. Some guidelines also provide recommendations on the use of biologics and immunotherapy. Conclusion Asthma is diagnosed clinically, with supporting laboratory testing. Treatment is based on severity classification, from intermittent to persistent. Inhaled bronchodilator and steroid anti-inflammatory form the main stay of management.


Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) Infestation: An Updated Review

January 2024

·

107 Reads

·

2 Citations

Current Pediatric Reviews

Background Pinworm infestation is an important public health problem worldwide, especially among children 5 to 10 years of age in developing countries with temperate climates. The problem is often overlooked because of its mild or asymptomatic clinical manifestations. Objective The purpose of this article was to familiarize pediatricians with the diagnosis and management of pinworm infestation. Methods A search was conducted in August 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "Enterobius vermicularis," OR "enterobiasis," OR "pinworm." The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article. Results Enterobiasis is a cosmopolitan parasitosis caused by Enterobius vermicularis. It affects approximately 30% of children worldwide and up to 60% of children in some developing countries. Predisposing factors include poor socioeconomic conditions, inadequate sanitation, poor personal hygiene, and overcrowding. Children aged 5 to 14 years have shown the highest prevalence of enterobiasis.. Egg transmission is mainly by the fecal-oral route. Approximately 30 to 40% of infested patients do not show any clinical symptoms of the disease. For symptomatic patients, the most common presenting symptom is nocturnal pruritus ani. The diagnosis of E. vermicularis infection is best established by the cellophane tape test. The sensitivity of one single test is around 50%; however, the sensitivity increases to approximately 90% with tests performed on three different mornings. If a worm is visualized in the perianal area or the stool, a pathological examination of the worm will yield a definitive diagnosis. As pinworms and eggs are not usually passed in the stool, examination of the stool is not recommended. The drugs of choice for the treatment of pinworm infestation are mebendazole (100 mg), pyrantel pamoate (11 mg/kg, maximum 1 g), and albendazole (400 mg), all of the above-mentioned drugs are given in a single dose and repeated in two weeks. Mebendazole and albendazole are both adulticidal and ovicidal, whereas pyrantel pamoate is only adulticidal. Given their safety and effectiveness, mebendazole and albendazole are currently the best available drugs for the treatment of pinworm infestation. For pregnant women, pyrantel is preferred to mebendazole and albendazole. Treatment of all household members should be considered, especially if there are multiple or repeated symptomatic infections because reinfection is common even when effective medication is given. Conclusion In spite of effective treatment of pinworm infestation, recurrences are common. Recurrences are likely due to repeated cycles of reinfection (particularly, autoinfection) because of the short life span of adult pinworms. Good personal hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, especially after bowel movements and before meals, clipping of fingernails, avoidance of finger-sucking, nail-biting, and scratching in the anogenital area, are important preventive measures. Treatment of all household members should be considered, especially if there are multiple or repeated symptomatic infections.


Lichen Striatus: An Updated Review

January 2024

·

98 Reads

·

2 Citations

Current Pediatric Reviews

Background: Lichen striatus is a benign dermatosis that affects mainly children. This condition mimics many other dermatoses. Objective: The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations of lichen striatus to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary investigations, unnecessary referrals, and mismanagement of lichen striatus. Methods: A search was conducted in June 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term “Lichen striatus”. The search strategy included all observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews published within the past ten years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of this article. Results: Lichen striatus is a benign self-limited T-cell mediated dermatosis characterized by a linear inflammatory papular eruption seen primarily in children. The onset is usually sudden with minimal or absent symptomatology. The eruption in typical lichen striatus consists of discrete, skin- colored, pink, erythematous, or violaceous, flat-topped, slightly elevated, smooth or scaly papules that coalesce to form a dull red, potentially scaly, interrupted or continuous band over days to weeks. Although any part of the body may be involved, the extremities are the sites of predilection. Typically, the rash is solitary, unilateral, and follows Blaschko lines. In dark-skinned individuals, the skin lesions may be hypopigmented at onset. Nails may be affected alone or, more commonly, along with the skin lesions of lichen striatus. The differential diagnoses of lichen striatus are many and the salient features of other conditions are highlighted in the text. Conclusion: Lichen striatus is a self-limited condition that often resolves within one year without residual scarring but may have transient post-inflammatory hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation. As such, treatment may not be necessary. For patients who desire treatment for cosmesis or for the symptomatic treatment of pruritus, a low- to mid-potency topical corticosteroid or a topical immunomodulator can be used. A fading cream can be used for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.


Sleep Bruxism in Children: A Narrative Review

September 2023

·

78 Reads

·

1 Citation

Current Pediatric Reviews

Sleep bruxism, characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible during sleep, is common in children. Sleep bruxism occurs while the patient is asleep. As such, diagnosis can be difficult as the affected child is usually unaware of the tooth grinding sounds. This article aims to familiarize physicians with the diagnosis and management of sleep bruxism in children. A search was conducted in May 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms “Bruxism” OR “Teeth grinding” AND “sleep”. The search strategy included all observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. According to the International classification of sleep disorders, the minimum criteria for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism are (1) the presence of frequent or regular (at least three nights per week for at least three months) tooth grinding sounds during sleep and (2) at least one or more of the following (a) abnormal tooth wear; (b) transient morning jaw muscle fatigue or pain; (c) temporary headache; or (d) jaw locking on awaking. According to the International Consensus on the assessment of bruxism, “possible” sleep bruxism can be diagnosed based on self-report or report from family members of tooth-grinding sounds during sleep; “probable” sleep bruxism based on self-report or report from family members of tooth-grinding sounds during sleep plus clinical findings suggestive of bruxism (e.g., abnormal tooth wear, hypertrophy and/or tenderness of masseter muscles, or tongue/lip indentation); and “definite” sleep bruxism based on the history and clinical findings and confirmation by polysomnography, preferably combined with video and audio recording. Although polysomnography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, because of the high cost, lengthy time involvement, and the need for high levels of technical competence, polysomnography is not available for use in most clinical settings. On the other hand, since sleep bruxism occurs while the patient is asleep, diagnosis can be difficult as the affected child is usually unaware of the tooth grinding sounds. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of sleep bruxism is often based on the history (e.g., reports of grinding noises during sleep) and clinical findings (e.g., tooth wear, hypertrophy and/or tenderness of masseter muscles). In childhood, sleep-bruxism is typically self-limited and does not require specific treatment. Causative or triggering factors should be eliminated if possible. The importance of sleep hygiene cannot be over-emphasized. Bedtime should be relaxed and enjoyable. Mental stimulation and physical activity should be limited before going to bed. For adults with frequent and severe sleep bruxism who do not respond to the above measures, oral devices can be considered to protect teeth from further damage during bruxism episodes. As the orofacial structures are still developing in the pediatric age group, the benefits and risks of using oral devices should be taken into consideration. Pharmacotherapy is not a favorable option and is rarely used in children. Current evidence on the effective interventions for the management of sleep bruxism in children is inconclusive. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for specific treatment at this time.


SARS-CoV-2 Encephalitis versus Influenza Encephalitis: More Similarities than Differences

August 2023

·

14 Reads

Current Pediatric Reviews

Background: From time to time, physicians face challenging diagnostic and therapeutic issues concerning the acute management of children with viral encephalitis. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide an updated narrative review on the similarities and differences between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza encephalitis. Methods: A PubMed search was performed with the function "Clinical Queries" using the key terms "SARS-CoV-2" OR "Influenza" AND "Encephalitis". The search strategy included meta-analyses, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, reviews and observational studies. The search was restricted to the English literature and pediatric population. This article compares similarities and contrasts between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza-associated encephalitis. Results: Encephalitis is an uncommon manifestation of both influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Both vi-ruses are associated with fever and respiratory symptoms. However, SARS-CoV-2 patients may on-ly have mild symptoms or be asymptomatic as silent carriers, rendering the disease spread difficult to control. Influenza patients usually have more severe symptomatology and are often bed bound for several days limiting its spread. Influenza is associated with seasonal and annual outbreaks, whereas SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic. Complications of encephalitis are rare in both viral infections but, when present, may carry serious morbidity and mortality. Many long-term sequelae of COVID-19 infections (long COVID-19) have been described but not with influenza infections. Mortality as-sociated with encephalitis appears higher with influenza than with SARS-CoV-2. Prophylaxis by immunization is available for both influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Specific efficacious antivirals are also available with oseltamivir for influenza and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for SARS-CoV-2. Steroids are indicated with more severe SARS-CoV-2 but their role is not distinct in influenza disease. Conclusion: Encephalitis is a rare complication of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Both car-ry significant morbidity and mortality. Efficacious vaccines for prophylaxis and antivirals for treat-ment are available for both viruses.


A Case Series of Appendicitis and Pseudo-appendicitis in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit

August 2023

·

24 Reads

·

1 Citation

Current Pediatric Reviews

Introduction: Appendicitis is a common childhood condition that can be diagnostically challenging. Severe cases may necessitate support in the critical or intensive care unit. These "critical appendicitis diagnoses" have rarely been described. Case description: We retrospective reviewed the PICU database of the Hong Kong Children's Hospital and identified cases of suspected and confirmed appendicitis. Clinical features, radiologic findings and final diagnosis of each case were summarized and reported in this case series. We review six anonymized cases of appendicitis managed in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to illustrate the different age spectrum and clinical manifestations of the condition. Rupture of the inflamed appendix, peritonitis and pancreatitis were some of the complications encountered. Crohn disease was found in one case as an underlying diagnosis. Also, one girl clinically diagnosed with appendicitis was found to be a case of ruptured hepatoblastoma with no appendicitis (i.e., pseudoappendicitis). Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis, surgical removal of the inflamed appendix, and use of appropriate antimicrobials when indicated are essential in reducing mortality and morbidity associated with severe appendicitis. Significant premorbid conditions such as acute myeloid leukemia, mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis syndrome (MELAS), inflammatory bowel disease and complications may be present in patients needing intensive care as is illustrated in the present cases. Pseudoappendicitis is an important differential diagnosis. Imaging is crucial and useful in establishing and confirming the diagnosis of appendicitis and pseudo-appendicitis in these PICU cases.


Iron Deficiency Anemia: An Updated Review

July 2023

·

615 Reads

·

20 Citations

Current Pediatric Reviews

Background: Worldwide, iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency disorder and the leading cause of anemia in children, especially in developing countries. When present in early childhood, especially if severe and prolonged, iron deficiency anemia can result in neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits, which may not always be fully reversible even following the correction of iron deficiency anemia. Objective: This article aimed to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and management of children with iron deficiency anemia. Methods: A PubMed search was conducted in February 2023 in Clinical Queries using the key term "iron deficiency anemia". The search strategy included all clinical trials (including open trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and randomized controlled trials), observational studies (including case reports and case series), and reviews (including narrative reviews, clinical guidelines, and meta-analyses) published within the past 10 years. Google, UpToDate, and Wikipedia were also searched to enrich the review. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the search was used in the compilation of the present article. Results: Iron deficiency anemia is most common among children aged nine months to three years and during adolescence. Iron deficiency anemia can result from increased demand for iron, inadequate iron intake, decreased iron absorption (malabsorption), increased blood loss, and rarely, defective plasma iron transport. Most children with mild iron deficiency anemia are asymptomatic. Pallor is the most frequent presenting feature. In mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia, poor appetite, fatigability, lassitude, lethargy, exercise intolerance, irritability, and dizziness may be seen. In severe iron deficiency anemia, tachycardia, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and poor capillary refilling may occur. When present in early childhood, especially if severe and prolonged, iron deficiency anemia can result in neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits, which may not always be fully reversible even with the correction of iron deficiency anemia. A low hemoglobin and a peripheral blood film showing hypochromia, microcytosis, and marked anisocytosis, should arouse suspicion of iron deficiency anemia. A low serum ferritin level may confirm the diagnosis. Oral iron therapy is the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia. This can be achieved by oral administration of one of the ferrous preparations, which is the most cost-effective medication for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. The optimal response can be achieved with a dosage of 3 to 6 mg/kg of elemental iron per day. Parenteral iron therapy or red blood cell transfusion is usually not necessary. Conclusion: In spite of a decline in prevalence, iron deficiency anemia remains a common cause of anemia in young children and adolescents, especially in developing countries; hence, its prevention is important. Primary prevention can be achieved by supplementary iron or iron fortification of staple foods. The importance of dietary counseling and nutritional education cannot be overemphasized. Secondary prevention involves screening for, diagnosing, and treating iron deficiency anemia. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends universal laboratory screening for iron deficiency anemia at approximately one year of age for healthy children. Assessment of risk factors associated with iron deficiency anemia should be performed at this time. Selective laboratory screening should be performed at any age when risk factors for iron deficiency anemia have been identified.


Ad

Citations (49)


... Intestinal nematode infections, particularly the most common one caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, affect up to one-third of the global population. [17,18]. Humans can become infected with A. lumbricoides by ingesting their eggs, often found in food contaminated by human feces [17,18]. ...

Reference:

IgG Antibody Titers Against Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, and Toxocara canis in Venezuelan Patients with Asthma or COPD
An update on the current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of human ascariasis
  • Citing Article
  • February 2024

... The diagnosis of enterobiasis is best established by using the cellophane tape test [103,106]. The sensitivity of one single test is around 50%; however, the sensitivity increases to approximately 90% with tests performed on three different consecutive mornings [112]. Whenever a pinworm is envisaged in the perianal area or the stool, a morpho-parasiological analysis of the worm will relinquish a definitive diagnosis of enterobiasis. ...

Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) Infestation: An Updated Review
  • Citing Article
  • January 2024

Current Pediatric Reviews

... Differential diagnoses include linear LP, lichen striatus/blaschkitis, and linear psoriasis [ Table 1]. [4][5][6][7] A thorough history and examination are crucial to rule out varicella-zoster virus infection and other conditions. [1,3] Treatment options for ZLP are similar to those for LP and include topical corticosteroids, topical salicylic acid, and systemic antihistamines. ...

Lichen Striatus: An Updated Review
  • Citing Article
  • January 2024

Current Pediatric Reviews

... Long-term stress and psychological trauma may contribute to increased tension of the jaw muscles, especially the masseter muscles, which leads to unconscious teeth clenching [16]. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, the minimum criteria for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism are the presence of frequent or regular (at least three nights a week for at least three months) teeth-grinding sounds during sleep and one of the following symptoms: abnormal tooth wear, transient morning fatigue or pain jaw muscles, transient headaches, or morning blockage of the temporomandibular joints [20]. This is a widespread phenomenon in children, especially in those with problems falling asleep and staying asleep. ...

Sleep Bruxism in Children: A Narrative Review
  • Citing Article
  • September 2023

Current Pediatric Reviews

... 23,24,25 Individuals with CKD are also prone to developing a functional (or relative) iron deficiency, which is when the body's iron stores are unable to be mobilized effectively for the generation of hemoglobin in the bone marrow. 26 It is helpful to understand basic iron metabolism for discussions about relative iron deficiency; There are several excellent reviews of iron physiology. 26.27,28 Hepcidin is a hormone produced by the liver that is the key player in mediating the sequestration of iron. ...

Iron Deficiency Anemia: An Updated Review
  • Citing Article
  • July 2023

Current Pediatric Reviews

... FSH overproduction and the heightened sensitivity of breast tissue to low estrogen levels are two potential causes. Alterations in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus receptor to steroids cause an excess of FSH, which in turn, leads to the formation of ovarian cysts and an increase in the secretion of adrenal androgens, which are precursors of estrogen, and estrogen [23]. The etiology of PT remains unclear. ...

Premature Thelarche: An Updated Review
  • Citing Article
  • July 2023

Current Pediatric Reviews

... The diagnosis of post-streptococcal diseases is based on clinical history and findings compatible with the specific illness associated with the evidence of a preceding group A strep infection, including the isolation of GAS from the throat/skin or the detection of certain streptococcal antibodies (anti-streptolysin O and anti-DNase B). A four-fold increase in titer is considered the proof of antecedent streptococcal infection [27,29,33,[42][43][44]. ...

Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngitis: An Updated Review
  • Citing Article
  • July 2023

Current Pediatric Reviews

... Parvovirus B19 infection is commonly recognized as erythema infectiosum in children, characterized by a maculopapular rash on the cheeks. In adults, it typically begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses to arthralgia, joint swelling, and skin rash [1]. In addition, adults may experience more severe complications, such as transient aplastic crisis, especially in individuals with underlying hemolytic disorders, and chronic anemia in immunocompromised patients, making early detection crucial to prevent these severe outcomes. ...

Erythema Infectiosum: A Narrative Review
  • Citing Article
  • Full-text available
  • April 2023

Current Pediatric Reviews

... However, itching is typically the most characteristic symptom and worsens at night ( Fig. 2A). The scabies mite burrow into the skin's stratum corneum to lay eggs and move around, using keratin as a Bedbug bites are usually painless at first and are commonly found on the exposed parts of the body while sleeping, such as the arms, hands, neck, and legs ( Fig. 2B) 7 . The skin lesions may become noticeable upon awakening but can also appear a day later. ...

Bed Bug Infestation: An Updated Review

Current Pediatric Reviews

... Symptoms were present in most of instances (77%), with a prevalence of pruritus and pain/burning of 61 and 16%, respectively [7 && ]. The most frequently involved areas included the trunk (around two-thirds of cases) followed by lower and upper arms (around half of cases), whereas neck, face, hands and foot were reported to be affected in 18 ]. Of note, data on eruption spreading pattern are limited, yet available information tends to support a centrifugal dissemination (onset on the trunk with subsequent spreading to the extremities) ...

Roseola Infantum: An Updated Review
  • Citing Article
  • November 2022

Current Pediatric Reviews