Alessandro Ballio's research while affiliated with Sapienza University of Rome and other places
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Publications (157)
Seiridin (1) and isoseiridin (2) are two new phytotoxic Δα,β-butenolides isolated from culture filtrates of Seiridium cardinale, the causal agent of the cypress canker disease. Spectroscopic data of the two metabolites and of some key derivatives and the application of Mosher's method provided the complete stereostructure of both products.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B359 secreted two main lipodepsipeptides (LDPs), syringomycin E (SRE) and syringopeptin 25A (SP25A), together with at least four types of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). In antifungal bioassays, the purified toxins SRE and SP25A interacted synergistically with chitinolytic and glucanolytic enzymes purif...
Fuscopeptins are phytotoxic amphiphilic lipodepsipeptides containing 19 amino acid residues. They are produced by the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas fuscovaginae in two forms, A and B, which differ only in the number of methylene groups in the fatty acid chain. Their covalent structure and biological properties have been reported previously...
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae produces two groups of cyclic lipodepsipeptides (LDPs): the nona-peptides syringomycins, syringostatins, and syringotoxin (ST), and the more complex syringopeptins composed of either 22 or 25 amino acid residues (SP22 and SP25). Both classes of peptides significantly contribute to bacterial pathogenesis and their p...
Syringopeptin 25A, a pseudomonad lipodepsipeptide, can form ion channels in planar lipid membranes. Pore conductance is around 40 pS in 0.1 M NaCl. Channel opening is strongly voltage dependent and requires a negative potential on the same side of the membrane where the toxin was added. These pores open and close with a lifetime of several seconds....
Pseudomycin A is a cyclic lipodepsinonapeptide phytotoxin produced by a strain of the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Like other members of this family of bacterial metabolites, it is characterised by a fatty acylated cyclic peptide with mixed chirality and lactonic closure. Several biological activities of Pseudomycin A are lower...
The structure of the corpeptins, bioactive lipodepsipeptides produced in culture by Pseudomonas corrugata, the causal agent of tomato pith necrosis, has been determined. The combined use of FAB-mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and chemical procedures has allowed us to assign the following primary structure to the peptide moiety: Dhb-Pro-Ala-Ala-...
(+)-Fusicocca-2,10(14)-diene, a double bond isomer of the putative fusicoccin biosynthetic intermediate, i.e., fusicocca-1,10(14)-diene, was isolated for the first time as a main hydrocarbon constituent from the fusicoccin-producing fungus Fusicoccum amygdali, and its stereostructure including absolute configuration was unambiguously confirmed by t...
A new syringopeptin was purified from a culture ofPseudomonas syringaepv.syringaeNCPPB 3869 isolated from laurel and its structure deduced by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. It differs from syringopeptin 25A only for the C-terminal amino acid residue, which is Phe instead of Tyr. The phytotoxicity and some other biological activities of th...
Similarly to other Pseudomonas lipodepsinonapeptides, pseudomycin A inhibits proton extrusion from maize roots, promotes closure of stomata in Vicia faba, necrosis of tobacco leaves, haemolysis of human erythrocytes, affects H(+)-ATPase activity and proton translocation in plasma membrane vesicles, and stimulates succinate respiration in pea mitoch...
The major bioactive metabolites present in cultures of a Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain isoialed from laurel are syringomycin E and syringopeptin 25-A. One of the minor metabolites is a new syringopeptin which differs from syringopeptin 25-A only for the occurrence of Phe instead of Tyr as C-terminal residue.
It is customary to include under the name of phytotoxins those microbial metabolites that, with the exclusion of enzymes, damage plants at low concentrations. Many plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi produce phytotoxins in culture, but the potential role of these metabolites in pathogenesis has been seldom demonstrated. Essential conditions for att...
The main Phytotoxins, syringomycin E and syringopeptins, isolated from cultures of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains, were separately tested for their effect on some mitochondrial functions. Syringopeptins were several times more active than syringomycin E in increasing succinate or NADH respiration and the ATPase activity; they aiso cause...
The purification and structural characterization of phytotoxic lipodepsipeptides from some Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains have been conducted in italy, USA and Japan during the past decade. The main results of the chemical investigations on these metabolites are reported in this paper together with some data of their biological activitie...
Heat and mass transfer at the nanosecond time scale and the nanometer length scale in pulsed laser fabrication of ultra-shallow p+-junctions is studied in this work. A new technique is developed to fabricate the ultra-shallow p+-junctions with pulsed laser doping of crystalline silicon with a solid spin-on-glass (SOG) dopant, through the nanosecond...
The recent finding that syringomycin (SR) and syringotoxin (ST)-producing isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae also synthesize syringopeptins (SPs), another class of phytotoxic lipodepsipeptides, prompted studies of the biological properties and comparisons of the activities of the two groups of metabolites. The present paper reports the e...
Syringomycin E, syringopeptin 22-A and syringopeptin 25-A, the main phytotoxins isolated from cultures of several strains ofPseudomonas syringaepv.syringae, were separately tested for their activity on some mitochondrial functions. It was shown that syringopeptins were several-fold more active uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation than syringomyc...
The structure of the fuscopeptins, bioactive lipodepsipeptides produced in culture by the gramineae pathogen Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, has been determined. The combined use of FAB mass spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy and chemical and enzymatic procedures allowed one to define a peptide moiety corresponding to Z-Dhb-D-Pro-L-Leu-D-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala...
Purified preparations of FC receptors from maize, obtained under non-denaturing conditions, showed in SDS-PAGE two doublets of proteins with an apparent molecular mass of 30 and 90 kDa. In this paper the isolation of the 30 kDa protein, its identification as a 14-3-3-like protein, as well as its immunological detection in partially-purified FC-rece...
Syringopeptin 25-A is a phytotoxic amphiphilic lipodepsipeptide containing 25 amino acid residues, produced by some isolates of the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Previous papers have reported its covalent structure and some of its biological properties. Attention has now been directed to define its conformation in so...
Purified preparations of FC receptors from maize, obtained under non-denaturing conditions, showed in SDS-PAGE two doublets of proteins with an apparent molecular mass of 30 and 90 kDa. In this paper the isolation of the 30 kDa protein, its identification as a 14–3–3-like protein, as well as its immunological detection in partially-purified FC-rece...
The Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae phytotoxins syringomycin-E and syringopeptins 22-A and 25-A reversibly and noncompetitively inhibit purified H(+)-ATPase solubilized from plasma membrane of maize roots. Moreover, they increase the passive permeability to protons in phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes. Both effects are more p...
A saprophytic fluorescent bacterium (strain M1) isolated from wheat was identified as Pseudomonas syringae and shown to produce the cyclic lipodepsipeptides, syringomycin E and syringopeptin SP25A. M1 grew in planta but did not affect germination or cause disease symptoms in wheat. The findings show that the production of these metabolites, general...
Several authors' changes should have been included in the response by D. B. Wheeler et al. to the technical comment "Identification of calcium channels that control neurosecretion" (4 Nov., p. 830). A sentence reading, "Comparisons with experiments using higher concentrations of carrier protein (1.0 mg/mL) revealed no significant differences in the...
Fusicoccin affects several physiological processes regulated by the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase in higher plants while other organisms having P-type H(+)-ATPases (e.g., fungi) are fusicoccin-insensitive. We have previously shown that fusicoccin binding to its receptor is necessary for H(+)-ATPase stimulation and have achieved the functional reconst...
The covalent structure and most of the stereochemistry of the pseudomycins, bioactive metabolites of a transposon-generated mutant of a Pseudomonas syringae wild-type strain proposed for the biological control of Dutch elm disease, have been determined. While two pseudomycins are identical to the known syringopeptins 25-A and 25-B, pseudomycins A,...
The activity of some phytotoxic metabolites of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Van Hall strains B359 and B301 on in vivo and in vitro systems of H+-transport across the plasma membrane of maize (Zea mays L., hybrid Paolo) was investigated. In particular syringomycin, the first lipodepsinonapeptide isolated from Pss and already studied in plants a...
The complete stereochemical structure of syringomycin, a bioactive lipodepsipeptide produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, was determined and compared to related phytotoxins.
Strain B427 ofPseudomonas syringae pv.syringae, originally isolated from lemon, produces several bioactive lipodepsipeptides. The structure of Syringotoxin (ST) and Syringopeptins (SPs) has been investigated in these last years. This paper reports the 2D NMR data collected in the study of ST covalent structure. The study was performed in different...
Crude soluble proteins from plasma membranes of maize shoots were purified (following the increase of fusicoccin-binding specificity) by using an original multi-step HPLC procedure. The method, based on a combination of adsorption, ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatographies, is quick, efficient and does not damage the binding activity. It all...
Biochemical properties of fusicoccin receptors are strongly influenced by the phospholipid environment. In this report we have studied the effect of different exogenous phospholipases on fusicoccin binding ability of both plasma membrane and solubilised receptors. Among the phospholipases tested only phospholipase A2; showed an inhibitory effect on...
The spectroscopic properties of syringomycin E, an antibiotic lipodepsinonapeptide associated with pathological states in plants, have been investigated by uv absorbance and CD spectroscopies, and by the synthesis of relevant model compounds. Initial studies [E. Vaillo, A. Ballio, P. L. Luisi, and R. M. Thomas (1990) in Peptides 1990, Giralt, E. &...
Fusicoccin was shown to stimulate the ATP-driven, intravesicular acidification of liposomes reconstituted with crude fusicoccin receptors and the H(+)-translocating ATPase, both solubilized from maize (Zea mays L.) plasma membrane. The present paper reports optimal conditions for dual reconstitution and fusicoccin activation as well as the biochemi...
Syringomycin E, syringomycin G and syringopeptin 25A, the main components of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae toxin mixture, were assayed for their phytotoxicity, determined as electrolyte leakage from carrot tissues, necrosis of tobacco leaves, and death of potato tissues, and for their antimicrobial activity on Rhodotorula pilimanae. p]In th...
Recent studies on the mode of action of fusicoccin (FC) have shed some light on the molecular events associated with the perception of FC at the plasma membrane (PM). Several years ago it was suggested that FC affects characteristic physiological processes through the activation of the PM H+-ATPase (Marrè, 1979). The circumstantial evidence for thi...
The phytotoxic metabolite of the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali Del. (Ballio, Chain, De Leo, Erlanger, Mauri, Tonolo, 1964) interacts with higher plant cells promoting cell extension growth and membrane transport processes (Marrè, 1979). The interest of plant physiologists in this toxin has been increased by the finding that these effects are similar t...
Isolates of Seiridium cardinale, S. cupressi (a Greek strain) and S. unicorne, three species associated with canker disease of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) in the Mediterranean area, were found to produce phytotoxic substances in culture. Besides already known toxins (seiridin, iso-seiridin and seiricuprolide), four structurally related metabol...
A 1H NMR study of the phytotoxin fusicoccin (FC) and of a group of related compounds has been carried out at 500 MHz in chloroform-d solutions. Among the seven investigated compounds five were biologically active while two were not. The NMR spectra were completely analysed in terms of chemical shifts and coupling constants. A computer program, desi...
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The primary structure of some new lipodepsipeptides named syringopeptins, produced by plant pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae has been determined by a combination of chemical methods, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and FAB mass spectrometry. Two syringomycin-producing strains afforded 3-hydroxydecanoyl-Dhb-Pro-Val-Val-Ala-Ala-Val...
During the last decade increasing attention has been directed towards the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the biological activity of phytotoxins. Studies on the mode of action of some non-host-selective phytotoxins, some following on from previous observations, have demonstrated a very specific interaction with particular components of the c...
The binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c from the leech Hirudo medicinalis to serine (pro)enzymes belonging to the chymotrypsin and subtilisin families has been investigated from the thermodynamic viewpoint, between pH 4.5 and 9.5 and from 10°C to 40°C. The affinity of eglin c for the serine (pro)enzymes considered shows the foll...
The effect of pH and temperature on the apparent association equilibrium constant (Ka) for the binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c (eglin c), of the soybean Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor (BBI) and of its chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibiting fragments (F-C and F-T, respectively) to Leu-proteinase, the leucine specific serine pr...
In a broad sense, “phytotoxins” can be considered as microbial metabolites, other than enzymes, that damage or are harmful to plants at very low concentrations (1–3, 23, 25). Many plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi produce phytotoxins both in culture and in their hosts during the infection process. In several cases — especially if they are produce...
The covalent structure of syringotoxin, a bioactive metabolite of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolates, pathogenic on various species of citrus trees, has been deduced from 1D and 2D 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra combined with extensive FAB-MS data and results of some chemical reactions. Similarly to syringomicins and syringostatins, produced by ot...
The first event in the mode of action of the fungal phytotoxin fusicoccin is the binding to specific receptors located at the plasma membrane. They are very likely related to the presence of endogenous compounds able to compete with FC for binding to its receptors. Some biochemical properties of these proteins conform to criteria commonly used for...
We have recently described a fusicoccin (FC)-sensitive system reconstituted by inserting into liposomes FC-receptors and H(+)-ATPase-enriched preparations from maize tissues. While the proteoliposomes of maize H(+)-ATPase had been already investigated, those of FC-receptors required a careful characterization before use in the dual system. In parti...
By a combination of 1D and 2D 1H- and 13C-NMR, FAB-MS, and chemical and enzymatic reactions carried out at the milligram level, it has been demonstrated that syringomycin E, the major phytotoxic antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, is a new lipodepsipeptide. Its amino acid sequence is Ser-Ser-Dab-Dab-Arg-Phe-Dhb-4(Cl)Thr-3(OH)A...
Most of the physiological processes stimulated by fusicoc-cin (FC) in higher plants depend on the activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Marré, 1979). This effect must be more or less directly triggered by a signal originated from the interaction of FC with specific high affinity binding sites, which have been detected in plasma membrane-enri...
Syringomycin E (SR-E) is the main component of the mixture of antibiotic and phytotoxic compounds synthesised by several isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Ballio et al., these Proceedings). Its FAB-MS gave a doublet at MH+ = 1225–27 and its IR spectrum showed absorptions characteristic for lactone and amide carbonyls. 13C-NMR spectrum...
Syringomycin (SR) preparations obtained by treatment of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae with acetone followed by n-butanol extraction and ion exchange chromatography, are homogeneous in disc electrophoresis (Surico and DeVay, 1982), but give rise to a number of peaks when analysed by reverse phase HPLC, irrespective of the strain examined and of...
Early symptoms of the canker disease of almond and peach caused by Fusicoccum amygdali Del. appear soon (2 to 15 days) after shoot infection. Wilting areas and a progressive drying of the foliar blade are shown by a number of leaves inserted above the infected nodes, where growth of the pathogen is restricted. These symptoms are apparently caused b...
Seiridium
cardinale, a strain of S.
cupressi (teleomorph: Lepteutypa
cupressi) and S.
unicorne cause canker diseases on Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus
sempervirens) and other members of Cupressaceae (Graniti, 1986; Graniti and Frisullo, 1987). Besides the cankers, yellowing or reddening of the foliage and die-back frequently occur, but often in p...
Polyclonal anti-fusicoccin (FC) antibodies, prepared some years ago (Pini et al., 1979), were found to be capable of recognizing the partially purified endogenous ligands of FC—binding sites (Ballio and Aducci, 1987). They were coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B to afford an immunoaffinity matrix which binds 3H-FC with high efficiency (Marra et...
More than 150 isolates of Fusi coccum amygdali Del. were collected over a period of 5 years in several agricultural areas of Italy and France. Their pathogenicity was assessed by artificial inoculations on almond and peach.
A strain of Seiridium cupressi, a fungus causing a canker disease of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) in Greece, produces several phytotoxins in culture. Two of them were identified as seiridin and iso-seiridin, the butenolides previously isolated from another cypress pathogen, S. cardinale. A third phytotoxin, which is present in small amounts in...
Crude fusicoccin binding proteins and a partially purified plasma membrane H+-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.1.34), both solubilized from maize tissues, were simultaneously inserted into liposomes by the freeze-thaw method. ATP-driven intravesicular acidification in the proteoliposomes, measured by the fluorescence quenching of the dye 9-amino-6-chlor...
Preparations of syringomycin purified from three isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae according to published procedures have been shown to contain a group of structurally related peptides which can be resolved by HPLC on a reverse phase column. In the acid hydrolysate of all components serine, phenylalanine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and arg...
A new method for the determination of individual pre-steady-state parameters describing papain action is reported. This procedure has been developed from the quantitative analysis of steady-state kinetics concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis of a specific chromogenic substrate, namely N-α-carbobenzoxy-L-valine p-nitrophenyl ester. The analysis of st...
Antifusicoccin antibodies were bound to Sepharose 4B to afford an immunoadsorbent which interacts efficiently with fusicoccin and with the ligands for fusicoccin binding sites present in plant tissues.
Solubilised microsomal preparations of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves catalyzephosphate transfer from ATP to at least twenty endogenous proteins with molecular weights ranging between 12,000 and 100,000 daltons.
Eight components incorporated more than 60 % of the phosphate. The phosphorylation ofone protein is Ca2+-independent, while that of...
Pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics of the papain (EC 3.4.22.2)-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-alpha-carbobenzoxyglycine p-nitrophenyl ester (ZGlyONp) have been determined between pH 3.0 and 9.5 (I = 0.1 M) at 21 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The results are consistent with the minimum three-step mechanism involving the acyl X enzyme intermediate E X P: (Fo...
Fusicoccin (FC) is the major phytotoxic metabolite of the fungus Fusicoccum
amygdali Del. (Ballio et al., 1964), a pathogen of peach and almond trees. Its structure, elucidated by Ballio et al., (1968), is reported in Fig. 1.
The search for endogenous ligands to fusicoccin (FC) binding sites has been stimulated by an apparent paradox. In fact, while FC binding sites have been detected in all tissues of higher plants so far examined, in agreement with the largely aspecific in vivo activities of FC, the distribution of the compound in Nature is very restricted (Aducci et...
Fusicoccin (FC) binding sites solubilised from microsomal fractions of spinach leaves have been entrapped into soybean lecithin liposomes with an 80% yield. The investigation of the properties of these proteoliposomes has demonstrated that the rates of FC-binding and of exchange between radioactive and cold FC are intermediate between those observe...
Steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetics for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters of N-alpha-carbobenzoxy(-l-)amino acids catalyzed by leucine-proteinase were determined between pH 5 and 10 (I = 0.1 molar) at 23 +/- 0.5 degrees C. For the substrates considered: (a) the acylation step is rate-limiting in catalysis; (b) the pH profiles of k(cat)...
The leucine specific serine proteinase present in the soluble fraction of leaves from Spinacia oleracea L. (called Leu-proteinase) has been purified by acetone precipitation and a combination of gel-filtration, ion exchange, and adsorption chromatography. This enzyme shows a molecular weight of 60,000 +/- 3,000 daltons, an isoelectric point of 4.8...
Two new butenolides, seiridin andiso-seiridin, were isolated from culture filtrates ofSeiridium cardinale, the pathogen of cypress canker, a destructive disease ofCupressus and relatedConiferae These metabolites were characterized as 3-methyl-4-(2-hydroxyheptyl)-2(5H)-furanone and its 4-(3-hydroxyheptyl) isomer, respectively. Chlorotic, and necroti...
Binding of fusicoccin (FC) to microsomal preparations of corn (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles is enhanced after incubation of the tissue with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Treatment of the kinetic data according to Scatchard shows that the enhancement is a consequence of an increase in the number of high-affinity FC-binding sites without changes of their K...
The occurrence in immature maize cobs of a fusicoccin derivative, reported in 1980 by Russian workers, could not be confirmed. Extraction and fractionation procedures were identical to those used by the Soviet authors and the analysis of the fractions mainly relied on a very sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Possible reasons for these contra...
The poor stability of crude solutions of fusicoccin-binding sites, prepared from acetonedried microsomal fractions of spinach leaves, results from the attack by endogenous phosphatase and α-mannosidase. The addition of either of these enzymes to solubilised binding sites preincubated with [(3)H]fusicoccin promptly releases most of the bound radioac...
The stereostructure of cotylenol, the aglycone of the cotylenins, has been confirmed by chemical correlation with the aglycone of fusicoccin A.
Fusicoccin (FC) is the major phytotoxic metabolite of the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali Del.,1 the organism responsible of a disease called “canker of almond and peach”, causing severe economic losses in the mediterranean area. The role of FC as a chemical determinant of this disease has been well documented2 and its toxic activity has been thoroughly...
The activity of a number of fusicoccin derivatives and analogues has been assayed on growth by cell enlargement and on proton extrusion in pea (Pisum sativum L, cv. Alaska) internode segments, on growth by cell enlargement in isolated squash (Cucurbita maxima Dechesne in Lam. variety Mantovana) cotyledons, and on germination of light-requiring lett...
The binding of fusicoccin to the microsomal preparations of maize roots in vitro is increased several-fold when segments of the tissue are washed for 2 h in distilled water before homogenization. Addition of freeze-dried wash solution to microsomal preparations of spinach leaves or fresh roots, washed roots, or coleoptiles of maize inhibited the bi...
Binding of [3H]dihydrofusicoccin to a 13 000–100 000 g subcellular fraction from extracts of spinach leaves was demonstrated by a centrifugation assay. Its binding properties were very similar to those of preparations from membranes of maize coleoptiles, except for a faster rate of the process and a quicker release of bound radioactivity by cold fu...
Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin (HMT) severely inhibits basal and, to an even larger extent, fusicoccin (FC) induced proton extrusion in susceptible maize root and coleoptile segments. This effect of the toxin also induced a rapid depolarisation of the basal transmembrane electric potential and a severe decrease of FC-induced hyperpolarisation...
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Antibodies against fusicoccin (FC) were prepared by immunisation of rabbits with a conjugate of periodate-oxidised dideacetyl-FC and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Their specificities were investigated by hapten inhibition in an indirect haemagglutination test, assaying several derivatives and analogues of FC. The D-glucose moiety was not involved in...
A homogeneous cerebroside was isolated from a strain of Fusicoccum amygdali Del., a fungus pathogenic to almond and peach. Chemical degradations, together with extensive application of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry techniques, led to elucidation of its structure. This corresponds to N-2'-hydroxy-3'-trans-octadecenoyl-1-O-beta-D-g...
Radioactive fusicoccin ([3H]FC) associates in vitro with subcellular, post-mitochondrial particles from corn coleoptiles, as shown by the appearance of radioactivity in high speed pellets.This binding is specific, not readily chaseable, and saturable by 10−4M unlabelled FC. Auxins do not cross-compete for these sites. The binding is heat-labile at...
Green peaches were artificially inoculated with Fusicoccum amygdali Del. and the infected tissues extracted with chloroform. To isolate the phytotoxic substance, extracts were purified on chromatographic columns. About 5 mg pure toxin were obtained from 1 kg infected peach pulp. A similar procedure yielded about 10 mg toxin per kg of tissues from n...
Due nuovi metaboliti minori del fungo fitopatogenoFusicoccum amygdali Del. vengono identificati come 12-O-acetilfusicoccina (X) e 12-O-acetilisofusicoccina (XI).
Zusammenfassung Herstellung eines neuen Viologen-Indikators mit hohem Redox-Potential.
Citations
... DihydrodidacetylFC (20, Figure 2) SFD Phytotoxicity [10,29] Induction of abscission [13,14] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] TriacetyldihydroFC (21, Figure 2) SFD No phytotoxicity [10,29] Dideacetyl-de-t-pentenylFC (22, Figure 2) SFD Reduced phytotoxicity [10,29] Triacetyl-de-t-pentenylFC (23, Figure 2) SFD NA [10,29] 8-Oxo-triacetylFC (24, Figure 2) SFD NT [13,29] PseudoacetonideFC (25 Figure 2) SFD NT [29,30] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] 8-oxo-9-epi-dideacetylFC (26, Figure 2) SFD NT [17] Derivative 27 ( Figure 2) SFD NT [10,31] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] Derivative 28 ( Figure 2) SFD NT [10,32] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] PerhydroFC (29, Figure 3) SFD NT [33] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] De-t-pentenylperhydroFC (30, Figure 3) SFD NT [33] DeacetylaglyconeFC (32, Figure 3) SFD Reduced phytotoxicity [7,10] Stimulation of seed germination [18] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] TetracetyldeacetylaglyconeFC (32, Figure 3) SFD No phytotoxicity [7,10,34] Cell enlargement, proton extrusion, cotyledon growth and seed germination [13] 8,9-IsopropylidenedeacetylaglyconeFC= 8,9-acetonideacetylglyconeFC (33, Figure 3) SFD NT [7,34] No phytotoxicity [10] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] 19-Trytil-8,9-cetonidedeacetylaglyconeFC (34, Figure 3) SFD No phytotoxicity [10] Stimulation of O. ramosa seed germination [19] 12-Oxo-19-trytil-8,9-actonidedeacetylaglyconeFC (35, Figure 3) SFD NT [7,34] 12,19-Dimesyla-8,9-cetonidedeacetylagllyconeFC (36, Figure 3) SFD NT [7,34,35] 3-α-Hydroxy-8,9acetonidedacetylaglycone FC (37, Figure 3) SFD NT [26] Tetraene of 8,9-acetonidedeacetylaglyconeFC (38, Figure 3) ...