Aldo Lattes’s research while affiliated with University of Genoa and other places

Phylogenetic relationships within the Euro-Mediterranean stock of the Rana temporaria species group (R. temporaria, R. iberica, R. cameranoi, R. macrocnemis, R. holtzi, R. dalmatina, R. graeca, R. latastei) were studied by (1) morphometric analysis, (2) osteological study and (3) electrophoresis. The three data sets were analysed independently and phenograms and cladograms examined for congruent patterns. The tree resulting from electrophoretic analysis is the most clearly resolved (and being also compatible with the other two) is assumed to represent the most likely phylogeny of the Mediterranean brown frogs. Patterns indicated by electrophoretic data matched the molecular clock-hypothesis. This suggests that the first split of the main stock of Mediterranean brown frogs separated ancestors of Rana temporaria and R. iberica from the others during the Late Pleistocene. A second split occurred separating the ancestors of what are currently the other big-bodied and the small-bodied brown frogs. The relationships between and within the three main stocks are discussed in the context of biogeographical and geological data.

Genetic relationships among 15 South West European populations of Polyommatus coridon were evaluated by the electrophoretic study of 16 gene-enzyme systems. Nei's indexes I and D and other statistics demonstrated that two different species are involved, identifiable as Polyommatus coridon (six populations from Southern France and Italy) and Polyommatus caelestissimus (nine populations from Spain), respectively. The Spanish complex is characterized by a different genetic balance, involving much higher degree of interdemic differentiation. It also differs from populations from France and Italy on one alternative locus showing complete fixation. Species-level distinction is independent of haploid chromosome numbers that vary from 87 to 88 in both groups. An evaluation of selective pressures as operated by climatic factors was attempted. The Pleistocene radiation of this group and consequent patterns of the gene flow were reconstructed using spatial autocorrelation analysis.

Since 1990, field surveys have been undertaken in Liguria to assess the distribution and status of Austropotamobius pallipes populations. In this region, crayfish stocks were found in three bioclimatic regions: Alpine, Mediterranean and Continental. Although epidemic diseases and invasive alien crayfish have been recorded, modifications of freshwater habitats have to be considered as the most significant threats to native crayfish stocks. Regarding management, the Regional Administration of Liguria proposed 18 Sites of Community Importance (SCI) containing crayfish populations, in the framework of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Since public managers need to take informed decisions in land-use management and conservation a numeric biodiversity map, composed by a georeferred database connected to a geographic information system (GIS), has been implemented. This regional system is composed by 22 different layers containing all the available information about the location of species and habitats of conservation interest. This system is now routinely used by regional administrators in environmental impact assessment. Finally, emphasis is placed on the need of promoting research programmes on the long-term monitoring of crayfish populations.

In the present paper we tested the hypothesis that differences in the acoustic communication system of diploid and tetraploid green toads (Bufo viridis complex) might be due to selection for reproductive character displacement. We recorded two acoustic signals of the toad repertoire − the advertisement call (a long range mate-attracting signal) and the release call (a short-range signal mediating male–male interactions) − from six sympatric Central Asian populations (three diploid and three tetraploid populations) as well as from three allopatric diploid populations from Italy, and compared their patterns of variation with the pattern of among-population genetic distances. Although release and advertisement calls share the same morpho-physiological constraints, they show significantly different patterns of variation. Release calls vary congruently with the pattern of genetic distances, suggesting that mutation and genetic drift have been the major forces responsible for their change both in time and space. By contrast, the pattern of advertisement-call variation is not consistent with the phylogeny of the group, because the advertisement calls of Asian diploid and tetraploid populations differ from each other more than their genetic distances would predict. These results strongly support the hypothesis that selection acted on the advertisement calls of either or both Asian taxa, possibly, to favour reproductive isolation. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 77, 379–391.

Electrophoretic distances (Nei's index D) between a number of populations and species of Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) (Lycaenidae), Erebia (tyndarus group, Satyridae) and Melanargia (Satyridae) and data from mitochondrial DNA sequences (Pieris napi complex), have been compared with the absolute chronology of glaciation events, as evidenced by oxygen isotopes (Williams et al. 1988). Mutation rates proved very similar between genera, but very different between species. We conclude that speciation rates are related to ecological constraints.

A Speleomantes ambrosii population living in an artificial tunnel in NW Italy was studied for two consecutive years. Activity on the walls varied cyclically in relation to seasonal temperatures and food abundance. The main food item was the trogloxenic dipteran Limonia nubeculosa, which accounted for more than 80% of the total ingested prey by volume. Juvenile cave salamanders had a broader trophic nich than adults. Oviposition and juvenile recruitment appeared to be seasonal. The spatial distribution inside the tunnel was related to microhabitat heterogeneity and particularly to the distance from the entrance. Juveniles were observed outside or close to the entrance more often than adults. Movement of adult salamanders were generally low and averaged 7 cm/day; some repeatedly recaptured individuals had a mean home range of 6 m2.

A survey on invertebrate communities of montane and alpine habitats from 1000 to 2250 m altitude in the Southeastern Dolomites

Enzyme polymorphism in SW European green frogs (Rana esculenta Complex) show concordant patterns of very high differentiation between populations. Demes sampled in N Italy are all identifiable by at least one diagnostic locus, while those from Spain and S. France (Rana perezi), differ from the latter over five such loci. No single individual was found to be heterozygous for all non‐mono‐morphic loci. This pattern of variation is correlated to interdemic morphological differentiation and denotes the accumulation of major genetic differences resulting in local coadapted gene complexes. It is therefore interpretable in terms of area effect and stasipatric model of evolution.The genetic structure of these SW European populations of green frogs is not compatible with the hybridogenetic model.