Akshay Janghel’s research while affiliated with Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research and other places

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine is defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronic biosensors and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. The aim of nanomedicine is the improvement of healthcare for the benefit of the patient. Nanomedicine is an important and rapidly growing field, which is emerging from the on of these application of nanotechnology to healthcare. The generally recognized categories include diagnostics, imaging, medical devices, drug discovery, drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine can offer impressive resolutions for various life threatening diseases. Disease areas which can be expected to benefit most from nanotechnology within the next few years are cancer, diseases of the cardiovascular system, the lungs, blood, neurological (especially neurodegenerative) diseases, diabetes, inflammatory/infectious diseases, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease and orthopaedic problem.

This study investigate the use of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), the present work describes the application of ultrasound to improves the extraction efficiency of the classical solvent extraction techniques such as maceration and soxhelt extraction to extract various bioactive compound from natural source like plant and animals. In this review extraction of various compounds i.e.β carotene, flavonoids, anthraquinones, isoflavones, cepharanthine, melanin, ursolic acid, from various plants i.e. morinda citrifolia, mitragyna speciosa, oscimum sanctum, polygonum cuspidatum, auricularia auricula, stephania rotunda lour,iris tectorum maxim, heterophyllaea pustulata hook, hawthorn seed, spirulina platensisand their therapeutic acivities like antiinflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, cardioprotective action, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, antirheumatic, anti-bacterial, anthelmintic, anti-depressant, hepatoprotective, radioprotective properties was extracted at different temperature 25°, 45°, 90° C, power setting 3, 6, 9 types of solvent used like ethanol methanol, acetone, acetonitrile in different composition and time 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minute. The effect of various factors such as extraction solvent, solvent concentration, temperature, solvent to solid ratio, ultrasound power, extraction time, and particle size, on the yield of target components were investigated. Under the optimum conditions the extraction process is carried out and the yield obtained with UAE has been compared with batch and soxhelt extraction the result indicated that UAE was an alternative method for extraction. UAE is based upon acoustic cavitation. Cavitation produces physical effects such as liquid circulation currents and turbulence which results in significant increase in the mass transfer rates and thus increased extraction yield. To achieve the same recovery as that achieved by UAE, soxhelt extraction and maceration extraction required much longer time.

The supercritical fluid extraction is a separation method in which separation of chemicals, flavours from the products such as coffee, tea, hops, herbs, and spices which are mixed with supercritical fluid to form a mobile phase. In this process, the mobile phase is subjected to pressures and temperatures near or above the critical point for the purpose of enhancing the mobile phase solvating power. The process begins with CO2 in vapour form. The use of supercritical fluids, especially carbon dioxide, SFE is a simple, inexpensive, fast, effective and virtually solvent-free sample pre treatment technique. SFE is usually performed with pure or modified carbon dioxide, which facilitates off-line collection of extracts and on-line coupling with other analytical methods such as gas, liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography. In this review, we showed that a number of factors influence extraction yields, these being solubility of the solute in the fluid, diffusion through the matrix and collection process. Finally, SFE has been compared with conventional extraction methods in terms of selectivity, rapidity, cleanliness and possibility of manipulating the composition of the extract. The principle of supercritical fliud extraction is the optimization of the solubility of materials to be extracted (lipids, heavy metals, natural products) in supercritical CO2 and the improvement of the fractionation with respect to a particular lipid species, natural products Supercritical fluid extraction facilitates the detachment of the extract from the supercritical fluid solvent by simple expansion.

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is a process that pools temperature and pressure with liquid solvents to accomplish rapid and efficient extraction of analytes from several matrices. PLE is a more recent extraction technique proposed to obtain bioactive compounds. It uses less solvent, in a shorter period of time, is automated, and involves retaining the sample in an oxygen and light-free environment in contrast to traditional organic solvent extraction. PLE is based on the use of conventional solvent set controlled temperatures and pressures and has been well established for extraction of valuable compounds from natural sources. A major benefit of PLE above conventional solvent extraction methods conducted at atmospheric pressure is that pressurized solvents remain in the liquid state, even above their normal atmospheric pressure boiling points allowing hightemperature. PLE is used for the extraction of many compounds in vegetal oil as lipids and fatty acids owing to its short time extraction. It also can be used in the extraction of minor components, such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenols, sterols, phospholipids, tocopherols, free fatty acids, and glycerides, because these compounds may be degraded during long extractions at higher temperatures. In the present study we have highlighted the recent findings associated with the PLE.

In microwave assisted extraction (MAE) the sample preparation step was reduced from 1-2 h to 15 min, producing an overall reduction in analysis time. This work initiated the use of microwave energy as a heating source for the chemistry laboratory. The MAE times were a factor of 100 less than the traditional Soxhlet approach. In general, the mechanism involves localized heating of the free water present in the sample. Once the water is at or above its boiling point, the water causes the cell membrane to rupture. This water, as steam, transports the target analyte from the solid to the non absorbing solvent. In this type of work, the sample is a good dielectric while the solvent is a poor dielectric. The microwave process gave higher yields than the traditional steam distillation process. In addition, although in conventional extraction the heat is transferred from the heating medium to the interior of the sample, in MAE the heat is dissipated volumetrically inside the irradiated medium. During the extraction process, the rate of recovery of the extract is not a linear function of time: the concentration of solute inside the solid varies, leading to a non-stationary or unsteady condition In contrast, in MAE, the microwave energy is delivered directly to materials through molecular interactions with the electromagnetic field via conversions of electromagnetic energy into thermal energy. Microwave power and temperature are interrelated because high microwave power can bring up the temperature of the system and result in the increase of the extraction yield until it becomes insignificant or declines. There has been much research and many advances in development in the microwave assisted extraction of a number of plant compounds. This chapter showed the phenomena of mass and heat transfer of the MAE process as well the parameters that influence MAE extraction of bioactive compounds.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology and is mainly characterized by the progressive erosion of cartilage leading to chronic polyarthritis and joint distortion. Although the exact pathogenesis of the disease has yet not been elucidated, however, studies suggest that cellular proliferation of synoviocytes result in pannus formation which damages the cartilage and bone. Recent reports also support the role of free radicals in its pathogenesis. Apart from the conventional treatment strategies using nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and glucocorticoids, newer and safer drugs are continuously being searched, as long term usage of these drugs have resulted in adverse effects. Alternative medicine provides another approach for treatment of RA and currently a number of medicinal plants are under scientific evaluation to develop a novel drug. There is a dire need to investigate the complete therapeutic potential and adverse effects, if any, of these herbals for providing newer and safer treatment options with minimum side effects. In this paper we have tried to explore various Indian ancient Ayurvedic, Unani and Tibet, as also some Chinese and Korean, herbals for their potential to treat RA.