Adrian Raine’s research while affiliated with University of Pennsylvania and other places

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Publications (547)


FIGURE 1 | Interaction plot of childhood aggression with parent smoking (A) on reactive aggression and (B) on total aggression. Linear regression models were employed with age, gender, residence location, grade, parents' income and parents' violence at both childhood and adolescence controlled. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 2 | Interaction plot of childhood aggression with freshwater fish consumption (A) on reactive aggression and (B) on total aggression. Linear regression models were employed with age, gender, residence location, grade, parents' income, parents' violence at both childhood and adolescence and fish consumption frequency at childhood controlled. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Associations between childhood and adolescence aggression and the interaction with exposure to tobacco.
Persistent Aggressive Behaviour From Childhood to Adolescence: The Influence of Environmental Tobacco Exposure and the Protective Role of Fish Consumption
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January 2025

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5 Reads

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

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Haoer Shi

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Adrian Raine

Background Understanding changes in aggressive behaviour throughout child development is crucial for identifying effective intervention strategies. This study investigates children's aggressive behaviour in a longitudinal cohort and explores the role of environmental tobacco exposure and fish consumption as potential risk and protective factors, respectively, for persistent aggression in children. Methods This study involved 452 children from the Chinese Jintan Cohort. Aggressive behaviour was assessed at ages 6 and 12 years using the child behaviour checklist (CBCL) and the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), respectively. Information on lifestyle habits and living environment, including parental smoking, was collected via questionnaires. Linear regression was employed to investigate the association between childhood and adolescence aggressive behaviour with relevant covariates adjusted. Subsequently, we conducted interaction analyses to explore the moderating effects of parent smoking and fish consumption on the association. Results We identified no significant association between childhood and adolescent aggression in the entire sample. Interaction analysis revealed environmental tobacco exposure as a moderator for the association. Specifically, persistent reactive and total aggression across development was only observed among those with environmental tobacco exposure (reactive: β = 0.549, p = 0.020; total: β = 0.654, p = 0.035). Furthermore, within the parent smoking subgroup, freshwater fish consumption at the age of 12 showed a marginally significant interaction with childhood aggression (reactive: p = 0.061; total: p = 0.095). A significant longitudinal association for aggression was found only among those consuming fish less frequently at the age of 12 years (reactive: β = 0.927, p = 0.002; total: β = 1.082, p = 0.006). Conclusion Our findings suggest exposure to environmental tobacco as a contributing factor to the lasting presence of aggressive behaviour during children's development, whereas freshwater fish consumption shows potential protective effects.

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The Role of Psychopathic Traits in Subtypes of Family Homicide

January 2025

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9 Reads


Low Parental Empathy Predicts Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children With Enhanced Autonomic Sensitivity to the Environment

December 2024

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13 Reads

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Introduction Recent evidence suggests that autonomic nervous system functioning can reflect individual differences in sensitivity to the environment, which in turn moderates the effects of family context on psychopathic and antisocial behaviour. Although some preliminary research suggests that the coordination of the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) branches of the autonomic nervous system may reflect sensitivity to environmental influences, the majority of research to date has been limited in its focus on just one branch, and little is known about the effects of parental empathy on a child's psychopathic‐like traits. This study aimed to address this gap by examining if the SNS and PNS jointly moderate the prospective contribution of parental empathy to youth psychopathic‐like traits. Methods Male and female children ( n = 340; age = 8–10 years) from the community completed an emotion regulation task during which their skin conductance level (SCL) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) activity were recorded. Parental cognitive, affective, and somatic empathy were reported by the caregivers. The child's psychopathic‐like traits were reported by the caregiver and the child and were reassessed 1 year later. Results Hierarchical regression indicated that after controlling for child sex, age, and concurrent CU traits, low affective empathy in parents predicted higher CU traits 1 year later in youths who exhibited reciprocal sympathetic activation (i.e., SNS activation along with PNS withdrawal), reflecting their enhanced sensitivity to the environment. No such effects were found for other psychopathic‐like traits. Conclusions Findings suggest that reciprocal SNS reactivity may be a biological indicator for sensitivity to environmental influence and highlight the importance of examining the interactions among multiple systems to better understand the aetiology of psychopathic traits.


Visual description of one trial of the proactive Taylor Aggression Paradigm (pTAP). During the fixation cross phase, participants were asked to look at a fixation cross on the screen. During the decision phase, participants had 5 s to select the level of interference for the opponent on a level from 1 (no blurriness) to 4 (maximum blurriness). In the reaction time game, participants had to press a button as fast as possible when they saw a ball entering any of the target areas at the corners of the field. During the outcome phase, participants saw whether they won or lost the reaction time game in that trial by seeing a flash of green or red light, respectively. Participants played a total of 40 trials.
(A) mean state proactive aggression by group; (B) mean trait proactive aggression (scores in the proactive aggression subscale of the RPQ) by group; (C) mean residual proactive aggression (standardized residuals of the proactive aggression subscale of the RPQ) by group. HC, healthy controls; MDD, major depressive disorder, BPD: borderline personality disorder. *p < 0.05.
(A) mean trait reactive aggression (scores in the reactive aggression subscale of the RPQ) by transdiagnostic group; (B) mean verbal aggression (scores in the verbal aggression subscale of the BPAQ) by transdiagnostic group; (C) mean depression symptomatology (depression scores in the BDI-II) by transdiagnostic group; (D) composition of the LPA and HPA groups regarding the diagnostic groups (HC, healthy controls; MDD, major depressive disorder, BPD: borderline personality disorder). LPA: low proactive aggression group; HPA, high proactive aggression group. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
Interaction effect between Outcome and Cluster in the aggression choice model in the transdiagnostic groups (Model 3). Aggrchoice: state proactive aggression; LPA, low proactive aggression group; HPA, high proactive aggression group. ***p < 0.001.
Investigating proactive aggression in patients with borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder using a modified version of the Taylor aggression paradigm

December 2024

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35 Reads

Introduction Inappropriate reactive (provoked) aggression is common in various psychiatric disorders, including Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and, to a lesser extent, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Less is known about proactive (unprovoked) aggression in these patients, with mixed findings in the literature. Drawing from the current evidence, we expect higher trait aggression in both patient groups and higher behavioral proactive aggression and physiological arousal in patients with BPD compared to both MDD and healthy participants (HC). Methods We investigated behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of proactive aggression in 23 patients with MDD, 20 with BPD, and 21 HC using a proactive version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (pTAP). The pTAP consists of reaction time games in which only the participant can interfere with the ostensible opponent’s performance by modifying the blurriness of the opponent’s screen. The levels of blurriness chosen by participants reflect their proactive aggression. We collected self-report measures of aggression and other personality traits. We further adopted a transdiagnostic approach by clustering participants based on proactive aggression characteristics. Results Both patient groups reported higher trait aggression than HC but not higher aggression in the task nor differences in the associated physiological arousal. Trial-by-trial mixed model analyses revealed that the group characterized by higher proactive aggression traits behaved more aggressively after losing, suggesting a role of frustration or sensitivity to loss. Discussion Our study confirms that patients with MDD and BPD report higher aggression than HC despite the absence of observable behavioral and psychophysiological differences and highlights the ubiquity of proactive aggression characteristics across diagnoses.


Main effects of CU traits, general ability, executive function, and learning and memory on externalizing and aggressive behavior in dimensional models. (A) Dimensional CU traits were related to higher levels of ADHD (β = .29, p < .001), CD (β = .40, p < .001) and ODD (β = .42, p < .001) symptoms. Lower general ability was related to more ADHD (β = −.10, p < .001) and CD symptoms (β = −.08, p < .001). Lower executive function was related to more ADHD (β = −.09, p < .001), CD (β = −.03, p < .01), and ODD symptoms (β = −.03, p < .01). Lower learning and memory were also related to more ADHD (β = −.08, p < .001), CD (β = −.04, p < .001), and ODD symptoms (β = −.03, p < .01). (B) Dimensional CU traits were related to more child‐reported overt (β = .09, p < .001) and relational (β = .06, p < .001) aggression. Higher general ability was related to higher levels of relational aggression (β = .09, p < .001). Lower executive function was related to higher overt aggression (β = −.04, p < .001). Higher learning and memory was related to higher relational aggression (β = .02, p < .05) and lower overt aggression (β = .−02, p < .05)
Interaction between CU traits and general cognition predicts CD symptoms. Simple slopes plotted at mean levels (no CU traits), 1 SD above the mean, and 2 SD above the mean, calculated with an online computational tool (Preacher et al., 2006). Lower levels of general cognition were more strongly related to CD symptoms for children with the highest levels of CU traits (B = −0.42, SE = .13, p < .01), than for children with lower levels (B = −0.31, SE = .08, p < .001) or no CU traits (B = −0.20, SE = .03, p < .001)
Propensity score matching procedures generate CU+ and CU− groups that do not differ significantly on any sociodemographic or methodological variables. (A) Matching procedures meant that absolute standardized mean differences between groups were rendered <.10. (B) Matching on covariates improved similarities between distributions of propensity scores between matched and unmatched groups
Main effects of CU traits group, general ability, executive function, and learning and memory on externalizing and aggressive behavior in propensity matched models. (A) Propensity Matched CU traits group was related to higher levels of ADHD (β = .40, p < .001), CD (β = .46, p < .001), and ODD symptoms (β = .55, p < .001). Lower general ability was related to higher levels of ADHD (β = −.10, p < .01) and CD symptoms (β = −.09, p < .01). Lower executive function was related to higher levels of ADHD symptoms (β = −.08, p < .05). Lower learning and memory was related to lower levels of ADHD (β = −.09, p < .01), CD (β = −.06, p < .05), and ODD symptoms (β = −.08, p < .01). (B) Propensity Matched CU traits group was related to more (β = .16, p < .001) and relational (β = .13, p < .05) aggression
Effect sizes for the association between CU traits and externalizing problems were significantly larger in size for the propensity‐matched group‐based versus dimensional models for child‐reported overt aggression and parent‐reported CD, ODD, and ADHD symptoms. Significant difference was determined by the overlap of independent confidence intervals (Cumming, 2009)
Callous‐unemotional traits, cognitive functioning, and externalizing problems in a propensity‐matched sample from the ABCD study

November 2024

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57 Reads

Background Many studies show that both callous‐unemotional (CU) traits (e.g., low empathy, lack of guilt) and cognitive difficulties increase risk for externalizing psychopathology across development. However, other work suggests that some aggression (e.g., relational, proactive) may rely on intact cognitive function, which could vary based on the presence of CU traits. Moreover, no prior research has adequately accounted for common risk factors shared by CU traits, cognitive difficulties, and externalizing problems, which confounds conclusions that can be drawn about their purported relationships. The current study addressed these knowledge gaps by leveraging rigorous propensity matching methods to isolate associations between CU traits and different dimensions of cognitive function and externalizing problems. Methods Associations between CU traits, cognitive functioning, and externalizing outcomes were tested within dimensional (n = 11,868) and propensity‐matched group‐based (n = 1,224) models using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study®, with rigorous statistical control for shared sociodemographic risk factors. Cross‐sectional outcomes were parent‐reported symptoms of conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Longitudinal outcomes were child‐reported overt and relational aggression. Results CU traits were uniquely related to more parent‐reported CD, ODD, ADHD symptoms, as well as more child‐reported aggressive behaviors. Effects of cognitive difficulties were domain specific and were not consistent across dimensional and propensity matched models. There was minimal evidence for divergent associations between CU traits and externalizing outcomes as a function of cognition (i.e., no moderation). Conclusions Rigorous control for sociodemographic factors within propensity‐matched models establish CU traits as a robust and unique risk factor for externalizing psychopathology, over and above difficulties with cognitive functioning.




The Mediating and Moderating Role of Sensation-Seeking in the Association between Resting Heart Rate and Antisocial Behavior

June 2024

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52 Reads

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

The association between lower resting heart rate and antisocial behavior has been suggested to be mediated by sensation-seeking. However, other theoretical models suggest that sensation-seeking has a moderating influence. This study sought to investigate the interplay between resting heart rate, sensation-seeking and antisocial behavior. Two subsets of participants from the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior (RFAB) project (n = 690, n = 391) were used. We conducted mediation analyses and logistic regression analyses to test for mediating and moderating effects of sensation-seeking on the association between resting heart rate and antisocial behavior by young adulthood. In general, sensation-seeking partially mediated the association between resting heart rate in childhood as well as adolescence and antisocial behavior by young adulthood. Resting heart rate in childhood and adolescence also interacted with sensation-seeking to predict antisocial behavior by young adulthood, such that a lower resting heart rate increased the odds of antisocial behavior among individuals with higher but not lower levels of sensation-seeking. Our results on a theoretical level suggest that sensation-seeking is important to understand the association between resting heart rate and antisocial behavior. Results further suggest that encouraging prosocial behaviors as a means of fulfilling the need for stimulation in individuals with a psychophysiological risk profile could serve as an effective approach in redirecting their behaviors towards positive outcomes.


P-Factor(s) for Youth Psychopathology Across Informants and Models in 24 Societies

May 2024

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142 Reads

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2 Citations

Objective: Although the significance of the general factor of psychopathology (p) is being increasingly recognized, it remains unclear how to best operationalize and measure p. To test variations in the operationalizations of p and make practical recommendations for its assessment, we compared p-factor scores derived from four models. Methods: We compared p scores derived from principal axis (Model 1), hierarchical factor (Model 2), and bifactor (Model 3) analyses, plus a Total Problem score (sum of unit-weighted ratings of all problem items; Model 4) for parent- and self-rated youth psychopathology from 24 societies. Separately for each sample, we fitted the models to parent-ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 (CBCL/6-18) and self-ratings on the Youth Self-Report (YSR) for 25,643 11-18-year-olds. Separately for each sample, we computed correlations between p-scores obtained for each pair of models, cross-informant correlations between p-scores for each model, and Q-correlations between mean item x p-score correlations for each pair of models. Results: Results were similar for all models, as indicated by correlations of .973-.994 between p-scores for Models 1-4, plus similar cross-informant correlations between CBCL/6-18 and YSR Model 1-4 p-scores. Item x p correlations had similar rank orders between Models 1-4, as indicated by Q correlations of .957-.993. Conclusions: The similar results obtained for Models 1-4 argue for using the simplest model - the unit-weighted Total Problem score - to measure p for clinical and research assessment of youth psychopathology. Practical methods for measuring p may advance the field toward transdiagnostic patterns of problems.



Citations (73)


... All scales exhibited acceptable to good internal consistency, with α values ranging from 0.62 (Other Problems) to 0.84 (Anxious/Depressed). Studies have shown that the YSR is a reliable measure of the p-factor (Achenbach et al. 2024;Petot, Petot, and Chahed 2023). ...

Reference:

Exploring the p‐Factor in Adolescence: A Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Approach and Its Association With Emerging Personality Pathology
P-Factor(s) for Youth Psychopathology Across Informants and Models in 24 Societies
  • Citing Article
  • May 2024

... Indeed, simply increasing their intake of omega 3s etc. without any special psychological help, did help them to reduce their rate of violent offences by a large amount, more than one third, compared with those given placebo. These effects have been replicated many times [72]. Since it has recently become clear that visual magnocellular timing plays a crucial role in mediating amicable social interactions [73], these results reflect again how important magnocellular timing functions are to successful brain development. ...

Reference:

Visual Dyslexia
Omega-3 supplementation reduces aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials
  • Citing Article
  • May 2024

Aggression and Violent Behavior

... Smanjena osetljivost na znake koji ukazuju na opasnosti ili kaznu, te smanjeno emocionalno uzbuđenje kao reakcija na strah ili na uznemirenost druge osobe pretpostavlja se da je povezana sa deficitom u emocionalnoj obradi negativnih emocija (Pihet et al., 2012). Danas, autori govore prevashodno o deficitima straha za koje se veruje da su u osnovu CU crta (Gao & Raine, 2024). Da bi ovaj model emocionalno problematičnih manifestacija u detinjstvu bolje bio predočen, najpre će jedno poglavlje biti posvećeno psihopatiji, kao sindromu koji obuhvata različite karakteristike ličnosti, a koje se dovode u direktnu vezu sa emocionalnim deficitima. ...

Primary and Secondary Variants of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Community Youths: Differences in Anticipatory Fear

Children

... It should be noted that associations between RHR, trouble with the police, and arrest have been published previously using slightly different subsamples from the RFAB (Bertoldi et al., 2022;Oskarsson et al., 2024). Given the interaction analyses in the present study, main effects could however not be omitted from results. ...

Interaction of Resting Heart Rate with Empathy in Predicting Externalizing Behavior

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

... Less empathy is not always correlated with more antisocial behavior, or vice versa, across the heterogeneous construct that is antisocial behavior (Anderson & Bushman, 2002;Burt, 2012). Many studies find positive, negative, and null associations between aggression, a main component of antisocial behavior, and empathy (Kahhale et al., 2024;Raine & Chen, 2018;Raine et al., 2022). In fact, multiple studies have found that increased empathy is related to increases in certain types of aggression (Chen et al., 2021;Palumbo & Latzman, 2021;Raine et al., 2022). ...

Associations Between Subtypes of Empathy and Aggression in High-Risk Adolescents

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

... In response to these concerns, there has been a rise in psychological and behavioral therapies for sleep disorders in recent decades. A notable trend is the growing interest among older adults in exploring alternative therapies, such as mind-body interventions, as options for addressing sleep issues [27][28][29][30]. However, the evidence supporting many of these alternative approaches remains inconclusive. ...

Effects of Mind-Body Qigong Exercise on Overall Health, Fatigue/Sleep, and Cognition in Older Chinese Immigrants in the US: An Intervention Study with Control

... In explaining of original and nature of violence and crime, different theorists pointed out the set of biological, psychological, social and cultural agents (Khanzadeh & Taher, 2014). Neurological research revealed some structural and functional defects in the frontal, temporal and cortical of antisocial individuals and their deficiencies in verbal, spatial and executive abilities (Schug, Gao, Glenn, Yang, & Raine, 2010). ...

The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications
  • Citing Chapter
  • December 2023

... Besides, as low self-esteem or high neuroticism are risk factors of body image dissatisfaction (an important driver for depression), individuals with these high-risk profiles of personality traits may be more susceptible to developing concurrent depressive symptoms. Concerning the biological mechanisms of our findings, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis might be a potential target for its key biological component in response to stress [46], and its mediation effect between depressive symptoms and (abdominal) obesity [47]. However, the research content of CFPS limited our in-depth analysis in this area. ...

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsivity during adolescence in relation to psychopathic personality traits later in life
  • Citing Article
  • November 2023

Acta Psychologica

... Analyzing cultural influences or the role of peer networks in sexting behavior also seems relevant to determine whether these factors moderate the impact of the Dark Triad traits on these behaviors in different demographic groups (Wachs et al., 2021). Finally, longitudinal studies should be performed to understand how these traits and behaviors evolve during the different changes experienced during adolescents' development and as they enter adulthood because age may become a variable of great interest (Fanti & Lordos, 2022;Ling et al., 2023). ...

Sex differences in psychopathic traits during early adolescence: The role of heart rate
  • Citing Article
  • July 2023

Journal of Criminal Justice