Adam R Clarke's research while affiliated with University of Wollongong and other places
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Publications (129)
This study investigated age-related changes in the EEG of subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) compared with neurotypical controls, using an eyes-open resting condition. Two hundred and twenty five children between the ages of 5 and 16 years participated in this study. Groups consisted of AD/HD of the combined (AD/HDcom) and...
Following investigations into the benefits of meditation on psychological health and well-being, research is now seeking to understand the mechanisms underlying these outcomes. This study aimed to identify natural alpha and theta frequency components during eyes-closed resting and concentrative meditation states and examined their differences withi...
This study investigated age related changes in the EEG of normal children in an eyes-open condition, in order to provide developmental norms for the study of children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) – see our companion paper (Mason et al., submitted). EEG was recorded at 17 sites from 75 children (63 boys and 1...
This study examined sex differences in the EEG of adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) according to DSM-5 criteria. Sixteen females and 16 males with AD/HD, and age- and sex-matched control groups, had an eyes-closed resting EEG recorded from 19 electrode sites. EEGs were Fast Fourier transformed and estimates for...
Until the advent of the DSM-5, the diagnostic systems excluded diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) and Autism in the same child. However, much debate exists surrounding the validity of this exclusion, with a number of studies identifying individuals who meet the diagnostic criteria for both disorders. The aim of this study...
This article reviews the eyes-open and eyes-closed resting electroencephalogram (EEG) literature for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) from 2002 to 2019. This time has seen substantial increase in interest in resting state EEG, with investigations moving from a comparison of an AD/HD sample to a control group, to research investigati...
Some 40 years ago, Erol Başar began an interesting line of brain dynamics research on the phase of oscillatory EEG activity. Stimuli presented at a fixed interstimulus interval (ISI) were reported to produce a “preferred phase angle” at stimulus onset in the ongoing EEG oscillations, so that cortical negativity occurred more often than expected. Ou...
An elevated theta/beta ratio in the EEG has long been observed among individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The theta/beta ratio was previously hypothesised to be an index of arousal, but a number of studies failed to find any association between the ratio and indices of arousal, instead proposing that the theta/beta rati...
Objective:
Global EEG alpha activity is negatively correlated with skin conductance level (SCL), supporting alpha as an inverse marker of arousal. Frequency Principal Components Analysis (f-PCA) of resting EEG amplitude spectra has demonstrated natural components in the alpha band of healthy persons. This is a preliminary exploration of whether su...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) is the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood and has been extensively researched using EEG technology. Within this literature, one of the most widely examined measures has been the theta/beta ratio. The theta/beta ratio was initially hypothesised to represent the arousal mechanism. However, s...
Objective:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders found in children. While an extensive literature has documented the EEG in this clinical population, few studies have investigated EEG throughout the lifespan in ADHD. This study aimed to investigate EEG maturational changes, in subjects with...
In this study we extend on behavioural evidence to examine the effect of time on EEG measures related to arousal and emotion/motivation in children with/without AD/HD. Thirty children with AD/HD and 30 age- and sex-matched controls participated. EEG was recorded during an eyes-closed resting condition and divided into three 2.5 min blocks after pre...
The theta/beta ratio (TBR) is a major area of interest within electroencephalogram (EEG) research in AD/HD. While researchers suggest a prognostic role for TBR in AD/HD, its relationship to behavior remains uncertain. Recent evidence suggests that elevated TBR in AD/HD may be related to atypical inhibition, particularly at an attentional level. Thi...
Stimulant medications are the most commonly prescribed treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). These medications result in a normalization of the EEG. However, past research has found that complete normalization of the EEG is not always achieved. One reason for this may be that studies have used different medications interch...
Objective
This study investigated differences in EEG coherence measures between two groups of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) – one with the more common EEG profile (increased theta), and a group with excess alpha activity as the dominant EEG abnormality.
Methods
26 children (aged 9–13 years) with AD/HD were included...
Both Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) and divorce are very prevalent in western societies, and they may occur together. AD/HD is generally viewed as a neurobiological disorder, which has led to a commonly held belief that social-environmental factors play little role in the symptom profile of children diagnosed with the disorder. Th...
This study further investigated electroencephalogram (EEG) differences between girls with the Combined and Inattentive types of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). We selected subjects with widely separated scores on hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms to behaviorally exaggerate diagnostic group differences. Twenty girls with AD/HD Com...
Our perspective on resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) is that it provides a window into the substrate of cognitive and perceptual processing, reflecting the dynamic potential of the brain's current functional state. In an extended research program into the electrophysiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), we have examined...
Past research has reported that a small proportion of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) have excess beta activity in their EEG, rather than the excess theta typical of the syndrome. This atypical group has been tentatively labeled as hyperaroused. The aim of this study was to determine whether these children have a hype...
This study investigated sex differences between the EEGs of Combined and Inattentive types of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) within boys and girls aged 8-12years. Subject groups included 80AD/HD Combined type (40 boys and 40 girls), 80AD/HD Inattentive type (40 boys and 40 girls) and 80 controls (40 boys and 40 girls). An eyes-clo...
Although Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) affects millions of females worldwide, our understanding of AD/HD continues to be based heavily on male-dominated research. Significant sex differences reported in the presentation and diagnosis of AD/HD can no longer be ignored; females with AD/HD are different from males with the disorder....
This article reviews the event-related potential (ERP) literature in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) over the years 2002-2012. ERP studies exploring various aspects of brain functioning in children and adolescents with AD/HD are reviewed, with a focus on group effects and interpretations in the domains of attention, inh...
The effect of a single oral dose of caffeine was examined in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled repeated-measures cross-over study. Eighteen children with AD/HD, aged between 8 and 13 years, were individually age- and gender-matched with a control group. All children participated in two sessions, one week apart. Skin conductance level (SC...
Differential patterns of physiological arousal to win and loss events during gambling is central to psychological conceptualizations of gambling behaviors but is poorly researched. We recorded heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses (SCRs) to wins and losses while 23 healthy participants played for small incentives on a simulated electronic...
The aim of this study was to determine whether EEG activity in specific bands correlated with the core behavioral symptoms of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Sixty boys diagnosed with AD/HD Combined type and 60 age-matched male controls participated in this study. An EEG was recorded during an eyes-closed resting con...
This study investigated the presence and nature of EEG clusters within a clinically-referred sample of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), and whether behavioural differences exist between clusters.
Participants were 155 boys with AD/HD and 109 age- and gender-matched controls. EEG was recorded during an eyes-closed rest...
Studies indicate that the change from closed to open eyes in a resting condition results in an increase in skin conductance level (SCL) and a global decrease in EEG alpha activity, both indicative of increased arousal. Other studies show that ingestion of caffeine also produces SCL increase and alpha reduction. This study investigated the additivit...
We compared EEG coherence in children with and without AD/HD, and sought to relate observed anomalies to AD/HD symptoms.
Forty children with AD/HD and 40 age- and sex-matched controls had eyes-closed resting EEG coherence calculated for eight interhemispheric electrode pairs and eight intrahemispheric pairs (four within each hemisphere) in the delt...
The aim of this study was to determine whether EEG differences exist between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) who later outgrow the disorder and those who continue to be symptomatic as adults.
Thirty-eight boys, diagnosed with AD/HD as children, were reassessed 11 years later to determine who met criteria for adult AD/...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood, although AD/HD is rarely the only diagnosis given to these children. Within the literature there is some debate as to whether it is valid to diagnose AD/HD with autism as a comorbid disorder, since the present diagnostic systems exclude the diagno...
This study investigated EEG differences between the Combined and Inattentive types of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in girls.
Thirty girls with AD/HD of the Combined type, 30 girls with the Inattentive type, and 30 controls (aged 8–12 years) had a resting eyes-closed EEG recorded from 21 electrodes. The EEG was Fast Fourier Trans...
This retrospective study investigated differences in regional derivations of EEG coherence between good and poor responders to methylphenidate (MPH) in children (aged 8-12 years) with the combined type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Participants included groups of good and poor male MPH responders and an aged-matched group of...
Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) have well-described abnormalities in the four traditional EEG bands. However, to date the gamma band has not been widely investigated. This study investigated resting-state EEG in children with AD/HD and matched controls, with a particular focus on gamma activity.
Forty children with AD...
We examined relationships between the phase of narrow-band electroencephalographic (EEG) activity at stimulus onset and the resultant event-related potentials (ERPs) in an equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task with a fixed SOA, in the context of a novel conceptualisation of orthogonal phase effects (cortical negativity vs. positivity, negative driving...
Previous research has shown that auditory targets in inter-modal oddball conditions are processed in two stages, an early modality-specific and a later context-dependent stage. The aim of this study was to investigate how the processing of auditory target stimuli is affected by the inclusion of an additional infrequent auditory non-target stimulus...
Recent work on arousal vs. activation in adults showed that skin conductance levels (SCLs) increased, and global alpha levels decreased, from eyes-closed to eyes-open resting baseline conditions. This study explored whether similar effects occur in children.
EEG activity was recorded from 30 children aged 8-12 years during counterbalanced eyes-clos...
Although stimulant medications are the most commonly-used treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), as many as 20% of treated children do not respond clinically to stimulants. This study investigated the effects of an acute dose of atomoxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), on the electroencephalogram (...
Previous studies from this laboratory have explored the relationships between physiological response magnitudes, behavioural performance measures, current arousal level, and activation (defined as task-related change in arousal) during a continuous performance task. We have reported larger physiological responses with increased arousal, and perform...
This study investigated the relationship between divorce and the symptom profile of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). The files of 1,201 children from a pediatric practice in Sydney, Australia were used in this study. Children were aged 6 to 18 years, and were diagnosed with either the inattentive or combined type of A...
For nearly 20 years, the theta/beta power ratio in the electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used within the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) literature as a marker of central nervous system (CNS) arousal, underpinning current models of the disorder. However, this usage has not been validated. We aimed to directly test the theta/beta r...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) is a common psychiatric disorder of childhood that continues to affect many people as adults. At present it is not possible to determine in childhood who will have the disorder as an adult. The aim of this study was to determine whether EEG coherence differences exist between children who outgrow the...
We examined relationships between the phase of narrow-band electroencephalographic (EEG) activity at stimulus onset and the resultant event-related potentials (ERPs) in an auditory oddball task, varying both stimulus intensity and active vs. passive task requirements between groups. We used a novel conceptualisation of orthogonal phase effects (cor...
From previous work in our laboratory, increases in skin conductance level (SCL), together with global (across-scalp) decreases in electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha power and increases in alpha frequency, are useful indices of arousal increase, and here we sought to identify changes in these indices with caffeine ingestion in children. We explored th...
Children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) show deficits in executive inhibitory functions such as behavioral inhibition and interference control, but investigations of both of these domains in the same groups of children is scarce, especially with concurrent consideration of ERP indices of inhibitory processes. Twenty children...
While a response inhibition problem is well-established in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder of the combined subtype (AD/HDcom), the predominantly inattentive subtype (AD/HDin) has not been investigated previously. This study examined control versus subtype differences in visually evoked response inhibition using task performan...
This study investigated EEG coherence differences between two groups of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Combined type (AD/HD), with or without comorbid Reading Disabilities (RD), and normal control subjects. Each group consisted of 20 children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, and groups were matched on age and gender. EEG...
It is generally accepted that Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) results from a dysfunction of the central nervous system, which has led to a commonly held belief that environmental factors play little role in the behavioural problems of children identified as having ADHD. Therefore, the two studies reported in this article investigate...
This study investigated whether ERPs from an inter-modal oddball task could distinguish between adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) and controls. Two age-matched groups of young adult males (18 AD/HD, 18 controls) were presented with an inter-modal oddball task in which a counter-phasing checkerboard was the non-target visu...
Data are presented on EEG activity in typically developing controls, focusing on the traditional delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands through childhood, with some extensions into adolescence and adults. Both eyes-closed and eyes-open resting state data are discussed. These reflections of typical development provide a framework for illustrating EEG d...
This study investigated the effects of stimulants on EEG coherence in girls with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). Twenty girls with AD/HD (aged 7-12) and 20 age- and sex-matched controls had an eyes-closed resting electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from 21 electrode sites. Coherence was calculated from eight intrahemispheric elect...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) is the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that more than half the childhood sufferers will continue to manifest symptoms of the disorder as adults. While the EEG of children with AD/HD has been extensively examined, comparatively little research ha...
Although stimulant medications are the most commonly-used treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), as many as 20% of treated children do not respond clinically to stimulants. One non-stimulant medication that has been widely used when the stimulants fail is a tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine hydrochloride. This study inv...
Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) has been defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder with associated deficits in executive function, language, emotional, and social function. ASD has been associated with pathophysiology in cerebral organization. The current study investigated quantitative EEG findings in twenty children diagnosed with autistic disord...
The timing of caffeine effects on arousal levels was examined. From previous work in our laboratory, an increase in skin conductance level (SCL) was used as the marker of arousal increase, and we sought to identify the timing of this and related effects following caffeine ingestion. A single oral dose of caffeine (250 mg) was used in a randomised d...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) is the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood, but it is becoming increasingly more apparent that more than half the childhood sufferers will continue to manifest symptoms of the disorder as adults. While EEG coherence in children with AD/HD has been examined extensively, no studies have inves...
Previous research has shown that caffeine produces a general increase in arousal. The present study examined caffeine-induced arousal effects on performance and auditory ERPs. We sought components showing amplitude changes without topography changes, as would be expected of a pure arousal amplification of source activity.
The effects of a single or...
Stimulant medications are the most commonly used treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in North America and Australia, although it is still not entirely known how these medications work. This study investigated the effects of stimulant medications on the EEG of girls with AD/HD.
An initial EEG was recorded during an eyes-c...
Objective:
Recent work has attempted to clarify the energetics of physiological responding and behaviour by refining and separating the operational definitions of "arousal" and "activation", which have different effects on physiological responding and behaviour. At the EEG level, we relate the former to widespread activity, and the latter to task-...
Previous research has shown that children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder of the Combined Type (AD/HDcom) have problems with response inhibition, with poorer task performance and atypical inhibition-related ERPs relative to control subjects, while little is known about response inhibition in children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivi...
We aimed to examine relationships between the phase of narrow-band electroencephalographic (EEG) activity at stimulus onset and the resultant event-related potentials (ERPs) in active vs. passive auditory oddball tasks, using a novel conceptualisation of orthogonal phase effects.
This study focused on the operation of three recently-reported phase-...
Previous research examining auditory target ERPs in an inter-modal oddball task has shown that early components are affected by intra-modal processes, whilst components in the later part of the ERP, around 200-400 ms, are affected by both inter-modal and intra-modal processes. These findings led to the conclusion that there are separate stages of a...
This study investigated differences in coherence measures between two groups of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - with the typical EEG profile (increased theta and decreased beta activity), and with excess beta activity - and a normal control group.
Thirty-four children with ADHD were included in each of the typical an...
This study is the first to investigate EEG coherence differences between two groups of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type (AD/HD), with or without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and normal control subjects.
Each group consisted of 20 males. All subjects were between the ages of 8 and 12 years, and gr...
This study investigated EEG abnormalities in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD).
Fifteen AD/HD subjects and 15 control subjects participated in this study. All subjects were between 14 and 17 years of age. The EEG was recorded from 19 electrode sites and was analysed to provide estimates of both absolute and relative...
The present study examined the development of response inhibition during the Stop-signal and Go/Nogo tasks in children using performance and ERP measures. Twenty-four children aged 7 to 12 years completed both tasks, each with an auditory Nogo/Stop-signal presented on 30% of trials. On average, response inhibition was more difficult in the Stop-sig...
Based on previous work indicating different neural substrates, two aspects of energetic state, "arousal" and "activation", have been conceptualized separately in our laboratory. "Arousal" has been defined as the energetic state at any particular time, and task-related "activation" as the task-related change in state from resting baseline to the tas...
"Arousal" at a particular time has been defined as the energetic state at that moment, reflected in electrodermal activity and measured by skin conductance level. In contrast, task related "activation" has been defined as the change in arousal from a resting baseline to the task situation. The present study, replicating some aspects of a previous i...
The present study examined the development of response inhibition in the stop-signal task across child (8–13 years), young-adult (18–22 years), and middle-aged adult (29–47 years) groups through a dissociation of low- and higher-frequency ERP activity. Fifty-one subjects (n = 17 in each group) performed the stop-signal task, which consisted of a vi...
This study investigated ERPs to auditory targets amidst visual standard stimuli in an inter-modal oddball task. Twenty subjects completed three tasks in random order: 1) an inter-modal oddball, 2) an auditory oddball, 3) and a single tone task. Target stimuli were identical in each task. In the inter-modal condition the auditory N100, N130 and P200...
This study investigated EEG differences between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and matched control subjects, with either normal or low IQs.
Twenty normal-IQ and 20 low-IQ children with AD/HD, and 40 age-, IQ- and sex-matched control subjects participated in this study. EEG was recorded from 21 sites during an eyes-cl...
Evidence suggests that the component frequencies of the electroencephalogram (EEG) are dynamically adjusted to provide particular brain states at stimulus occurrence, and that these facilitate cortical processing of the stimulus. We examined relationships between stimulus intensity, the phase of narrow-band EEG activity at stimulus onset, and the r...
This study investigated intrahemispheric and interhemispheric EEG coherences as a function of age in girls with different DSM-IV subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). It completes a series of 3 studies aimed at clarifying developmental and gender impacts on the coupling between brain regions in this disorder.
Three groups of...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is recognized as a disorder affecting children and adolescents and has more recently been documented to continue into adulthood in a proportion of patients. One of the common treatments for AD/HD is the use of stimulant medications. Numerous studies have examined the therapeutic effects of stimulant...
This study examined the use of caffeine to manipulate arousal level without the confounds associated with task-related activation. From previous work in our laboratory, an increase in skin conductance level (SCL) and EEG alpha frequency, together with a global decrease in alpha power, were used as markers of arousal increase, and we sought to ident...
Previous research investigating the effects of stimulants, such as methylphenidate (MPH), on children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) has rarely included autonomic measures of arousal.
Our aim was to clarify the effects of MPH on central and autonomic measures in AD/HD children during a continuous performance task (CPT) using...
Research using resting EEG measures suggests that there is a large variability in EEG profiles within the common behaviourally defined DSM-IV subtypes of AD/HD. Within the predominantly inattentive type of AD/HD (AD/HDin), two distinct groups have been identified, based on underlying EEG activity that represents either cortical hypoarousal, or a ma...
Cognition and behaviour depend on the integration of activity in different brain regions, and hence study of the coupling between regions is useful in understanding dysfunctional processes involved in disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Such coupling can be estimated by the electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence bet...
This study investigated the effects of methylphenidate on intrahemispheric and interhemispheric EEG coherence in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). Twenty boys with AD/HD Combined type and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects, aged 8 to 13 years, participated in this study. EEG was recorded from 21 sites during an e...
Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) appear to be deficient in inhibitory processes, as reflected in behavioural and electrophysiological measures. This study examined the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) on response inhibition in children with AD/HD. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and skin conductance level (SCL) were rec...
This study investigated the diagnostic utility of EEG power during eyes-closed resting conditions for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD).
Subjects consisted of 253 boys with AD/HD combined type and 67 age-matched controls. EEG was recorded from 21 sites during an eyes-closed resting condition and was Fourier transformed...
This study investigated intra-hemispheric and inter-hemispheric EEG coherences as a function of age in boys with different subtypes of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), in comparison with a control group of normal boys.
Three groups of 40 children (AD/HD combined type, AD/HD inattentive type, and normal controls) participated. Each...
Electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence between two points is strongly related to the distance between them, being inflated by volume conduction effects at short distances and reduced by signal phase differences at larger distances. This precludes simple comparison of coherence estimates involving different inter-electrode distances. We investigate...
EOG correction is a class of techniques that account for ocular artifact in the electroencephalogram (EEG) by subtracting electrooculographic data from the EEG. The purpose of this study was to evaluate four of these correction techniques (Verleger, Gasser, & Mocks, 1982 [VGM]; Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 [GCD]; Semlitsch, Presslich, Schuster,...
The aim of the present study was to investigate behavioral and electrophysiological indices of developing response activation and inhibition processes in child, young-adult, and adult groups. Sixty subjects, with 20 in each of the child (mean age 10.8 years), young-adult (mean age 20.7 years), and older adult (mean age 36.4 years) groups, performed...
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by impairments in intellectual, neurological and motor functioning and a postulated behavioral profile. This study compared behavioral characteristics of 62 individuals with genetically confirmed AS and 29 individuals with presumed AS from clinical features, with a control group of...