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January 1969
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786 Reads
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687 Citations
Notes the emergence of "a "transhumanistic psychology' dealing with transcendent experiences and with transcendent values." Transpersonal psychology is described as a "fourth force" in psychology, in contrast to behaviorism and Freudian psychology, and an outgrowth of the "third force," i.e., humanistic psychology, concerned with "real human experience and human needs, goals and values." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Transcendent leadership arose prior to and concurrent with transformational leadership, as a more holistically encompassing and humanistically enlightening philosophy for guiding people and enterprises. More than fifty years ago, Maslow (1971) formulated a concept of "selftranscendence" beyond self-actualization in the hierarchy of needs to account for enlightened spirituality and higher consciousness, which he called "Theory Z"unrelated to Ouchi's (1981) Japanese management "Theory Z." Self-transcendence framed leadership in terms of unbounded aspirational growth "being-values" ("B-cognition") in contrast to standard leadership assessments with a set maximum against which the level of deficiency is determined ("D-cognition"). Thus, early on, Maslow furthered the leadership continuum beyond transformational direction towards transcendent destiny (Maslow, 1997;Maslow & Hoffman, 1996). ...
January 1969
