A.T. Beck’s research while affiliated with University of Pennsylvania and other places

... The secondary outcome was the result from the five dimensions of EQ -5D -5L questionnaire: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Independent variables were specific symptom severity measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) [17]. BDI-II is a self-rating scale for depression severity objectification that includes 21 items with 4 possible answers ranging from the absence of a particular symptom to severe intensity of a particular symptom. ...

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The Association Between Quality of Life and Severity of Specific Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder Amenable to Effective Nursing Interventions

... Depressive symptoms were assessed via the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a 21item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the severity of depressive symptoms experienced over the past week [35,36]. Each item represents a specific symptom of depression (e.g., sadness, pessimism, feelings of failure, dissatisfaction, guilt, self-criticism, irritability, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and loss of appetite) and is rated on a four-point scale (0-3), with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. ...

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Nonregular Physical Activity and Handgrip Strength as Indicators of Fatigue and Psychological Distress in Cancer Survivors

... Seventeen out of the MDD group taking 247% ± 94% SSRI medication. The BDI-II scores (Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition [30]) were 3.78 ± 4.24 and 24.44 ± 12.70 for the healthy and MDD group respectively (t = −9.29, p < 0.001). ...

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Basic stimulus processing alterations from top-down cognitive control in depression drive independent temporal components of multi-echo naturalistic fMRI data

... Accurate and early detection of depression is essential for timely intervention and improving patient outcomes. Traditionally, depression diagnosis relies on clinical interviews and self-reporting tools such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) [2] and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [3]. These traditional methods heavily depend on patient self-reporting, which is subject to potential bias, and are further limited by a shortage of mental health professionals. ...

Reference:

Automated Depression Detection from Text and Audio: A Systematic Review

... The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996), is a 21item, 4-point Likert questionnaire that assesses thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and physical symptoms associated with major depressive disorder in individuals age 13 or older. Each item has four responses, ranging from 0 to 3, in which 0 indicates the absence of a depressive symptom, while a 3 indicates the presence of the symptom in its most severe form. ...

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Metacognition and Dissociation as Mediators Between Childhood Trauma and Psychiatric Symptoms

... The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (Beck et al., 1996) is a 21-item scale that assesses the severity of depressive states. Scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores denoting more severe depressive tendencies. ...

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Neural basis of self-esteem: social cognitive and emotional regulation insights